The Reason of Marshall Plan

In June 5th, 1947, marshal decl ard a famous tongue in Harvard University. The idea of providing economic aid to the all atomic number 63 came on the scene. Between 1948 and the end of 1951, linked States channeled $12. 3 one thousand thousand aid to westerly europium including grants, adds and in-kind transfer. The personal effects of marshall conception are all-encompassing, for example, contributing to the refrigerated war, helping the reco truly of European economy and European integration. Someone called in question close to its necessity, someone embraced it as the saver of the world.It is wondered what is the deep lawsuit that pushed the States to launch the fancy. Though many scholars earn written about this topic, this paper will call for reassessment of the existing literature base on recent findings, new methodologies. This essay will specifically make out that the briny reasons of the launch of marshal mean are the threats of collectivism and the interwea ving diverts network of the States and Europe. In the first part, it will break the urgency of 1947 European crisis. In the next part, it will focus on the threats from the communism and inferred with the Truman doctrine declared forrader.Next, it will analyze the short-term and long-run interests that America could increase from the image. After the World War II, the Europe showed a sign of steadfast recovery at the beginning, and soon faced with progressively worsening incident. Within several months after the war, through large case reconstruction of the infrastructure, the industry recovered quickly. People were drowned in the prospect of sleepableness and happiness of a fresh start. However, the limits on the raw material and pretermit of the energy supply constrained the recovery soon.Further worse, during the winter of 1947, because of the heavy snow, roads, bridges, kick links, and water representations were impassible, hindering the obtaining of raw material and transportation of the products. The melting snows also flooded combust mines, making the production of steel reprehensible backward significantly. The summer of same year, was called the hottest and driest since records began, and the drought reduced supplies of hydroelectric power. disillusion of hopes and desperation hung over peoples hearts. The European crisis of 1947 was much than the disaster of natural disaster.The disappearance of Germany from the economy is a deeper reason beneath the desperation. During pre-war period, Germany was the main market of European economy. By 1939, the Germany held 38% of Greece exports and one third imports. During pre-war period, the German Ruhr area exported large amounts of coal to France used for the production of steel. Substitute for Germany, America became the main exporting country to Europe. However, a nonher problem came, the dollar crisis. about European countries imported large amounts of food, coal and raw materials from America, but they have nothing to sell back.France carried $2049 million of payment deficit for buying coal from America annually. The heavy national debts carried by the country brought about the swelling and eroded the confidence of currency. marshall said in his radio vocabulary the patient is change posture while the doctors deliberate. So I believe that run cannot await compromise through exhaustion. New issues arise daily. Whatever achieve is possible to meet these pressing problems must be taken without delay. marshal claimed that the severe of crisis of Europe and the disagreement between two chock ups pushed Marshall or the America to make such choice.Though the project was initially directed to two eastern and western European countries, it is argued that Marshall knew the refusal of Soviet Union in advance, because soviet had been always against any activity of Germany industry construction and dysphoric the importance of reparation. Hitchcock argued in his ar ticle that the primary trigger of the Marshall design was the failure of American policy in occupied Germany and the ambition of the European recovery developed later. In addition to the economic crisis, the policy-making situation was especially not going well for America.The initial hope for fast recovery was downgraded into the desperation of living. The situation of capitalism was between the beetle and the block . The failure of post-war government turned out to provide a grievous opportunity for communists. Especially students and workings class valued the communism as the only party that could bring a totally variant world, bring forth a classless society. As Kenan wrote in his memoir, the pall of fear inter kick over Europe in 1947 was preparing the continent to fall, like a salutary fruit, into Stalins pass. America used the excogitation as an economic parapet to soviet expanding upon. As said in a CIA report in April, 1947, The greatest danger to the security of united states is the possibility of economic part in western Europe and the consequence accession to power of communist element. Looking back the Europe in 1957, thither are crack that at best, the Europe would be in decades of poverty and struggle at worst, Europe will collapse back into civil war, fascism and communism. Truman doctrine is released before the Marshall plan and closely related to the plan.In 1947, March, President Truman told the US sexual relation to help free peoples to maintain in their free institutions and their national integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes. This is no more than a frank recognition that totalitarian imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundation of supranational peace and hence the security of the united states. The Truman doctrine was declared as a proposal to provide economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey for fleck against local communi sts, or as he named, totalitarianism.Compared with Truman doctrine, Marshall programme focused more on the economic aid and the recovery of Europe. However, t here is still similar intention between these two plans. If the Truman doctrine is the hard-core counterattack to the soviet expansion, the Marshall plan is the implicit one. The short-term interests of the plan, which were not so vital to America, however, were worth to mention. It has claimed by Americans that the primary intention of the plan is good-will for the recovery of Europe and soviet expansion urged them to establish the plan as soon as possible.However, in that respect were also suspicions that the act of America was honorable self-serving and America was using Europe as an outlet for their goods. What is more, in some areas, the aid plan was not wel coped. It will be argued here that the short-term interests of the plan could be nearly negligible when compared with other reasons. The products were granted fo r free from America and what American people can directly gain profits from is that all goods were distributed through American ships and were uploaded by the American track man. The interweaving interests of America and Europe are prime reason behind the aunch of Marshall image. The sink of Europe or the sovietization of Europe did more than harm to America and like domino effects, it will threat the whole Americas safety. The primary concern for the plan is the safety and long-term development of the United States. Between the end of war and the announcement of the plan, there already were loan plans from America to Europe. As additional conditions of the loan, the United States demanded Britain to give up the alternate control and make British currency fully convertible. Similarly, America asked France to lay waste to the protectionism and allow freer imports and exports.Though these plans failed at last, the intention of America was obvious, contributing to freer internatio nal trade, more stable currency exchange and wider international cooperation. The Marshall plan is claimed different from all the previous plans. First, the choice of whether to take it and how to use it is in the hands of Europe, and the role America played was just advisory. Second, the plan is a long-term strategic program, with the help of European recovery program. Third, the money attached to the plan is enormous, more than any previous United States oversea aid combined.If measured by GDP, the money cost 5% of American GDP, equal to 201 one thousand thousand dollars in 2004. If measured with the value of dollars, the money is worth 100 billion dollars in 2004. Fourth, the plan is a larger European-scale plan, involved many countries into the plan simultaneously. Nevertheless, compared to the past plans, the declaration of the Marshall plan is another form or another positive trial of the same intention. Opinions of whether to declare the Marshall plan was initially divided within the United States.However, new dealers in near post-war administration favored the plan and viewed it as an opportunity to reconstruct Europe in Americas image. The program of productivity mission, funded by the Marshall plan, was to bring technical Europeans to learn the American way of economy and business. New dealers in America expected these managers and technicians could take the line of free trade and business cooperation back to Europe. Underlying the aim of Americanization of Europe, the out of bounds of restoring long-term trade partner is more essential reason.A CIA director Allen alter said the plan supposes that we desire to help restore a Europe which can and will compete with us in the world markets and for that very reason will be able to buy substantial amounts of our products. the arrangement of closer ties for America with Europe could facilitate future business and political communication, and the decrease in distinction and gap could decrease the po ssibility of fray and war. In conclusion, the declining European economy led to the increasing attraction of communism.Faced with the sinking Europe and aggressive Soviet Union, the American government was pushed to launch the Marshall plan. Aligned with Truman doctrine, it is a diplomatic strategy of America to suppress the expansion of Soviet Union and maintain the common interests of Europe and America. Attached with the plan, there are also American blueprint for a prosperous international trade and cooperation within the western bloc without the interference from Soviet Union. The threats of communism are the main direct external factor that makes the plan lendable through the congress.The desire for a trade-free Europe and the presumably impossible negotiation with Soviet Union are the main reasons that make the plan come into being. The potential benefits of advancing America-Europe relationships and shaping a freer trade atmosphere are ambitious goals of the new dealers an d the plan proves to have subtle but far-reaching bend on the integration of Europe. Word count 1879 Bibliography Calbraith John, 1998. Interview with prof. J k. Galbraith, 28/11/95 12 November 2012 Debouzy Marianne . 1998. interview with Madame Marianne Debouzy 11 November 2012 Eichengreen B. et al. , The Marshall Plan scotch Effects and Implications for Eastern Europe and the Former USSR, in Economic Policy, 7, (1992) pp. 13-75 online available from 18th October 2012 Ellwood, David W. The Impact of the Marshall Plan, explanation 74 (October 1989) pp. 42736. Hitchcock, W.I, The Marshall Plan and the creation of the West in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 1 (2010) pp. 154-174. Hogan Michael J. The Marshall Plan America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York 1987) Judit, T. , The rehabilitation of Europe in postwar A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York, 2006) pp. 63-99. Milward, A. S. (1989) Was the Marshall Plan Necessary? In Diplom atic History, pp. 231252. Online available from 25th October 2012Parrish S. D. The turn toward confrontation the soviet reaction to the Marshall plan, 1947 in cold war international history project working papers series ,9 (1994) 1 . Barry Eichengreen, et al. , The Marshall plan economic effects and implications for Eastern Europe and the former USSR, in Economic Policy, 714 (1992), pp. 16-18 2 . Quoted inWilliam Hitchcock, The Marshall Plan and the creation of the West, in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 18 (2010),p. 156 3 . ibidem , p. 157 4 . Ibid. , p. 155 5 .Tony Judt, The rehabilitation of Europe, in Postwar A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York,2006), p. 91. 6 . Ibid. , p. 95. 7 . Quoted inWilliam Hitchcock, The Marshall Plan and the creation of the West, in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 18 (2010),p. 156. 8 . Calbraith John, 1998. Interview with prof. J k. Galbraith, 28/11/95 12 November 2012 9 . Debouzy Marianne . 1998. interview with Madame Marianne Debouzy 11 November 2012 10 . Tony Judt, The rehabilitation of Europe , p. 91. 11 . Ibid. , p. 93. 12 . Quoted in Tony Judt, The rehabilitation of Europe, p. 94.