Social Care Assessment for Child With Disabilities

Social C atomic number 18 Assessment for Child With DisabilitiesSocial take form with Children and familiesResponse to a letter from the GP of Amita Kaur, the mother of Gurnam. As a student social worker in a topical anaesthetic liberty Children with Disability team you allow beneathtake an judgement in coition to Gurnam and his family.This makeup lays out the proposed method of assessment for Amita Kaur (DOB 2.3.75) and her family of three nipperren. The approach taken towards the assessment of Gurnam and his family draws from contemporary publications of originals working in the fields of mental health, tuition disabilities, education, and social advantage provision.The initial assessment of Ms Kaurs health already made by her G.P stated that Ms Kaur has been in a state of some considerable distress and that it was the opinion of her G.P that she is quite dim out as a result of having to cope with substantial family responsibilities and pressures for a long period o f time. As Ms Kaur is showing symptoms of depression, coupled with her hold expression of concern that she was unable to maintain an adequate level of endorse for her children I propose that some form of social stand up is offered to inspection and repair the family for the fore crackable future. I suggest that in order to as trustworthy the utmost of Ms Kaurs difficulties, and before I suggest any gist of hinderance, I would like to hear Ms Kaurs opinion of her and her familys line. As highlighted by Gallimore et al (1999, p. 56) it is necessary for social run professionals to turn oer families as partners to be empowered as active co-decision-makers rather than as cases to be managed. The impact of parental mental-health problems on their children has already been well-established by investigate (Rutter Quinton 1984 Beardslee et al. 1998 Stallard et al. 2004. In Slack and Webber (2007). That Ms Kaur is experiencing feelings of vulnerability and concern for her childre n is an authorized considerateness when considering the type of service to be offered. It is important that the family recognise that social go are here to offer support based upon assured concerted decisions made between ourselves and themselves, and that we are here to reconstructively assess them. In our assessment it is important to consider the family as a whole a working dynamic that has, up until now, been successful. As research suggests, family-centred work for preadolescent children with disabilities ware promoted a strength-based approach in promoting positive family functioning (Dunst, Trivette, Deal, 1988, 1994 Powell, Batsche, Ferro, Fox, Dunlap, 1997 Weissbourd Kagan, 1989. In Lesar, (1998), p.263). This approach highlights the strengths in families that they can build on and that the familys strengths, including the social networks and light supports already available to and within the family, should be the foundation upon which new supports are designed or provided (Dunst et al., 1994. In Lesar, 1998, p.263). Through using family strengths as mental synthesis blocks and tools, the family becomes even stronger and more capable of supporting the well-being of individual family members and the family whole (Trivette, Dunst, Deal, Hamby, Sexton, 1994. Ibid). It is thus the aim of this assessment to work towards providing a program of support that can help to re-establish this working equilibrium between the family members, within the alter contexts of their home, working, and education environments.The extent of provision for the childrens disabilities while they are at home involve to be looked into, and the fact that the children are having negative experiences at coach is something that also needs to be investigated further. These experiences could be related to mugwump stressors such as emotional changes in the individual children, or a change in their nurture environment and/or they could be nowadays associated to the s tress being felt by Ms Kaur in their domestic help environment. As suggested by Glidden, (1993, p.482), a family with a child who has a deadening is a family with a disability. Glidden adds that in assessing the problems faced by such families, it is important to understand and distinguish between demands and stress exacerbating and causing situations (Glidden, 1993). The situation faced by Amita and her family entails a situation that has been building slowly, but steadily, over a period of time, and now represents a point that is beyond her engage in terms of mental, financial, and time control. The long-term stress and demands of her situation, along with change magnitude personal care have prompted the situation whereby her doctor has intervened with the Childrens directorate Children with Disability Team. Gallimore et al (1999, p. 57) refer to this sort of situation as arising from the emotional costs of daily demands and strains, and that the need for a sustainable daily bit that has manageable long term solutions for helping to reduce the sources of the problems is a paramount objective to the intervention of social run (Hansen, 1993).Throughout the assessment act we willing do everything within our capabilities to reassure Ms Kaur that any intervention will be minimal and will aim to cause as little disruption to the family dynamic as possible. As research has suggested the captivate of social support on families of children with disabilities is closely associated withBetter, more cohesive family interpretation (Bristol, 1983)A decrease in the number of out-of-home placements (Cole Meyer, 1989 Ger- man Maisto, 1982)greater paternal life satisfaction (Crnic, Greenberg, Ragozin, Robinson, Basham, 1983)Lowering of maternal stress levels (Kazak Mar- vin, 1984)Better parent-child interaction (Dunst, Trivette, Cross, 1986). (In Marcenko and Meyers (1991), p.186).It is thus our aim to offer a service of provision that will improve the fami lys quality of life through measures which are constructive, supportive, and reliable. An high-octane and prompt assessment process is essential as early intervention, can, in some cases, be crucial in avoiding the onset of more grievous problems, which negatively affect parenting capacity and cause family life to escalate into crisis or abuse. (D.O.H, 2000 p.xi).The government document Framework for the Assessment of Children in convey and their Families (Department of Health, 2000) has externaliset forth a systematic guidance for the assessment of needs through analysis and recording of what has been and is happening in the household, as well as to the children. This document is written in close association with The Children playact 1989. The latter(prenominal) document states thatA child shall be taken to be in need if a. he is unlikely to achieve or maintain or to have the opportunity of achieving ormaintaining, a reasonable standard of health or development without thepr ovision for him of services by a local authority b. his health or development is likely to be significantly impaired, or furtherimpaired, without the provision for him of such services orc. he is disabled (Children Act 1989 s17(10). In DoH, 2000 6)Considering that the familys GP has already express concern well-nigh the childrens performance at tutor it is acquit that the childrens needs meet the criteria as outlined in move a-c of the Childrens Act 1989. Under that Act, the welfare of children is set forth under a series of requirements, regulations, and laws. Under Part V Protection of Children utilization guidance suggests that child assessment orders should allow for differing techniques to be employed to see to the needs of children based upon application by their family, the child, and or agencies.As Ms Kaurs GP has expressed concerns for the childrens performance at school I think it appropriate that a joint assessment be pioneern by a staff member of the school and by a child support worker who together can make an informed and unbiased assessment of the childrens behaviour and performance at school. As highlighted by the DoH (2000p.6) professionals from different agencies, especially from health and education, are a key source of referral to social services departments of children who are, or may be, in need .. they will be key in assisting social services departments to carry out their assessment functions under the Children Act 1989. Information from the school could be very helpful in the overall assessment and propose for service provision. I would also recommend that a leading professional who works full time with disabled children be called in to undertake an informal assessment of Gurnam. These reports should then be submitted to the head of our department where they will be jointly discussed and used to inform our agencys plan for services. Ms Gaurs son Manjit, has been described by the familys GP as a cause for concern. The situati on is described as followsHe has a heart condition which has been success amply treated with military operation but which needs to be monitored on an out-patient basis. He has also been assessed as having some learning disabilities. While Amita is very satisfied with the educational political platform that the school has been put in place for him, she is concerned that he has been bullied by other children for some considerable time. This has resulted in him being distressed and slow to go to school recently.The particular Education Needs and Disability Act (2001) suggests that it is the responsibility of the governing education institutional to make sure that the child is not placed at a disadvantage within the learning system (Part 2). As Ms Akur is satisfied with the actual programme in place for Manjit there is no immediate cause for concern that he is experiencing discrimination. However, from the information given it appears that the physical problems which Manjit is expe riencing is causing additional stress maybe arising from the negative attitudes of his peers towards him. Ms Kaur should be advised to approach the school about this problem, with an accompanying letter from her GP if necessary. As suggested by Sally Beveridge in her discussion concerning schools and special education needs, there will arise certain cases where a pupil will not be able to fully participate due to their having a restrictive impairment, and it is necessary that teachers know as much about children with SEN as possible before teaching them (Beveridge 1999, 39). so we would advise that the school make individual assessments of Manjit and of Gurnam possibly discussing the outcomes and proposals for action with us.The assessment plan will be agreed between all children and their mother.For the mean of childrens services it is necessary to recognise how problems can be interlinked, and that everyone benefits if services are properly co-ordinated and integrated. (DoH, 2 0001). It is also the aim of Childrens Services preparedness (Department of Health and Department for Education and Employment,1996. In DoH 2000 1) to identify the panoptic range and level of need in an area and to develop corporate, inter-agency, lodge based plans of action to provide the most effective network of services within the resources available. (Ibid). When assessing Ms Kaur and her family we must therefore consider the nature and handiness of resources in their local area and how they can be best matched with the needs of the family. As outlined by the Doh (2000) service users sometimes report that they find assessment procedures to be repetitive and uninformed by introductory work. (p.7). However, having outlined a clear and cohesive framework for this assessment I am confident that Ms Kaur and her family will receive an efficient and constructive assessment by our team one that will provide a fully comprehensive proposal for service provision that will pillow sli p their individual needs and their needs as a family.BibliographyBeveridge, S., 1999, Special educational Needs in Schools. London RoutledgeDepartment for Children, Schools and Families (2008) Common Assessment Framework. Retrieved on 11 February 2008 from http//www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/deliveringservices/caf/Department of Health (2000) Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families. Stationary shoes, Department of Health, London, United Kingdom online. Available fromhttp//www.doh.gov.uk/quality.htmAccessed 17/07/08Gallimore, R., Bernheimer, L., MacMilan, D., Speece, D., Vaughn, S. (1999) developmental Perspectives on Children with High-Incidence Disabilities. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, N.J., United StatesGlidden, L. (1993) what we do not know about families with children who have developmental disabilities Questionnaire on resources and stress as a case study. Vol. 97. American Journal on Mental RetardationHansen, D. (1993) The child in family an d school Agency and the workings of time. In Cowan, P., Field, D., Hansen, D., Skolnick, A., Swanson, G. Family, self, and society Toward a new agendum for family research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, N.J., United StatesHardcastle, D.A Powers, P.R and Wenocur, S, (2004). Community arrange Theories and Skills for Social Workers. Oxford Oxford University advocateLesar, S., Parental lintel Strategies and Strengths in Families of Young Children with Disabilities. Family Relations, Vol. 47, No. 3, (Jul., 1998), pp. 263-268 National Council on Family RelationsOffice of Public Sector Information (2008) Children Act 1989. Retrieved on 11 February 2008from http//www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1989/Ukpga_19890041_en_1.htmMarcenko, M.O, and Meyers, J.C, (1991), Mothers of Children with developmental Disabilities Who Shares the Burden? Family Relations, Vol. 40, No. 2, (Apr., 1991), pp. 186-190. National Council on Family RelationsPardeck, J.T, (1999), Family Health A Holistic Approac h to Social Work Practice. Westport, CT Auburn put upSheppard, M., (1991), Mental Health Work in the Community Theory and Practice in Social Work and Community Psychiatric Nursing. London Falmer PressSlack, K, and Webber, M, Do we care? Adult mental health professionals attitudes towards supporting service users children. Child and Family Social Work . London Blackwells (2007) 13, pp 7279Starfield B. elementary care balancing health needs, services and technology. NewYork Oxford University Press 1998.Special Education Needs and Disability Act (2001). Available fromhttp//www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts2001/ukpga_20010010_en_3Accessed 16/07/08Umbarger, G., Stowe, M., Turnbull III, H. (2005) The subject matter Concepts of Health Policy Affecting Families Who Have Children with Disabilities. Vol. 15. Journal of Disability Studies

Mental State Examination (MSE) Case Study

psychical State tryout (MSE) Case StudyLachlan Donnet-J singlesGiving examples from the eccentric study, how would you describe Amandas demeanour and appearance as set out in a rational State Examination (MSE)?A Mental State Examination (MSE) is be as a health check examination comprising the systematic evaluation of the mental spot of the enduring (Dorland, 2011). A MSE evaluates many characteristics of a patient including appearance, psychomotor behaviour, speech, thinking and perception, randy state including affect and mood, insight and judgment, intelligence, sensorium, attention and concentration, and memory (Dorland, 2011). The sign segments evaluated during a MSE argon appearance and behaviour. It is heavy to note the patients appearance as this lavatory provide useful in kneadation into the train of self- sell, daily living skills and lifestyle of the patient. Behaviour is important to record as it heap provide much insight into the patients emotional state a nd attitude. A MSE is an important process in determining a patients capacity to make or not independent health c be decisions and provide the necessary support to better the patients welf atomic number 18 (Volicer, 2011).Appearance The sign insight into Amandas appearance occurs as the paramedic crew arrive, finding her sitting upright, looking dazed and anxious with shortness of breath. It is unpatterned that Amanda appears distressed, confused and anxious enough to cause her to become dyspnoeic (shortness of breath) (Shiber and Santana, 2006). Amanda is a young woman with dyed, untidy and matted hair who presents with a light level of personal hygiene and self- upkeep. Amanda has many nervus facialis piercings, her pupils argon exceedingly dilated and her arms are covered in sores. Subsequent to Amandas stretch at the requisite segment (ED) she appears very tense and her facial expressions permute rapidly from smiling to terrified. Amandas mother re-counted that Amanda comes home dishevelled and raunchy, and that she has lost a lot of weight.Behaviour Following the handover to the clinician at the hospital, it is observed that Amanda appears to be suffering a level of psychomotor storm as she is very tense pacing up and down the corridor wringing her custody. Amanda appears unable to focus, file by abnormal and erratic eye movements, her eyeball stare intensely either into the ceiling above or at staff members. Amanda appears to be suspicious of and mistrust staff members as she distances herself as much as possible from any physical contact and enters the means like shes about to enter a trap.During the call into question Amanda screams Theyre everywhere. Everywhereunder my skin. Amanda appears to be experiencing tactile hallucinations, she believes in that respect is something beneath her skin, when thither is not. Amanda also appears to be experiencing auditory sensation (voices) without an honest (real) stimulus i.e. auditory halluc inations. This is seen as she looks up at the ceiling yelling Shut up shut up shut up whence distressed, proceeds to scream and hold her ears as if to block a brassy noise and furthermore, Why am I here You wont tell her anything will you?. Amanda talks about her, which may be referring to her mother, just it may also be referring to someone else.Define cognition and because briefly talk about how we might interpret how both Amandas approximation content and fancy homunculus are disturbed?Cognition is defined as the mental processes by which a person acquires go throughledge. Among these are reasoning, fanciful actions and solving problems (Marcovitch, 2009). Cognition is an essential in determining what we think and how we think. In an MSE, survey remains and thought content are used to construct an reasonableness of the patients thinking, specifically how they think (form) and what they are thinking of (content) (Trzepacz and Baker, 1993). Thought form is the qua ntity, rate, tempo and logical coherence of a persons thoughts. The thought form may include highly tangential comments, frequent changes in topic and pressured or halted speech (Kaufman and Zun, 1995). In contrast, thought content refers to discriminating attention (focus on a selective topic), preoccupation or magnified concern (obsessions, compulsions and hypochondria) and distorting or ignoring reality (illusions, hallucinations and delusions) (Trzepacz and Baker, 1993).During Amandas interview a subroutine of sentences allude to disturbed thought content such as You know dont you? You know its in my veins and Every one of us is falling the whole planet is falling. Amandas exclamations are examples of unsubstantiated thinking and are possibly part of an illusion. The thought form of such exclamations is disorganised, hastily changing from one topic to another, theyre in my veins, the whole planet is falling, Shut up shut up shut up and Forgive me Forgive me. While the spec ific thinking changes there is a recurrent theme to Amandas thought content, disastrous, felonious and fearful situations that are beyond her control. It is evident based on the irrelevant topics and unsubstantiated thinking observed in Amandas speech that her thought content is disturbed. Amandas thought form also appears disturbed demonstrated by the flight of ideas she experiences and her inability to focus on a relevant topic within the context of the situation (Trzepacz and Baker, 1993). short explain the differences between hearing and listening. Choose two skills of listening and discuss how you would use these skills to powerfully communicate with Amanda. What are some of the barriers you might position in the process?Listening is defined as a mazy process that encompasses the skills of reception, perception and interpretation of input. (Stein-Parbury, 2013). As opposed to hearing, listening is consciously chosen, one must be salaried brisk attention to what is be sa id (Stein-Parbury, 2013). Additionally there are two terms for listening, fighting(a) and passive. Active listening is effective listening. It requires concentration to process words into heart and soul which in turn leads to learning. Hearing, or passive listening, is one of the five senses a human possesses, it is simply perceiving sound (vibrations) via the ear. Hearing alone is a subconscious process and happens automatically. A nursing research paper provides a compact definition of the difference between hearing and listening. Hearing is being there for patients whereas listening is being with patients (Fredriksson, 1999).In order to conduct effective active listening and exchange teaching with patients a clinician needs to possess the requisite listening skills. in that location are five categories of listening skills perceiving interpreting recalling and care and observing, which will be discussed in relation to Amandas case (Stein-Parbury, 2013). note from the clinic ian is important in Amandas case as much information can be learnt simply from observing Amandas behaviour. Observing involves paying overcareful attention to what is expressed and how it is expressed (Stein-Parbury, 2013). Non-verbal cues such as facial expression, eye contact, body posture and movements convey emotional and relational information Henry et al. 2012 that can inform the clinician of Amandas feelings and emotional state.The clinician notices that Amanda is wringing her hands from time to time, which may suggest she is feeling nervous and anxious. This is an example of observation, by paying careful attention to Amandas non-verbal cues (hand wringing) the clinician has an increased sensation of Amandas feelings. Amandas eye stare intensely either into the ceiling above or at staff members, the clinician may interpret this as a sign of distrust and suspicion. apply this knowledge the clinician recognises the absence of trust and can address this in his response to bu ild rapport.Although observing and interpreting the patients non-verbal cues is important, it is as important for the clinician to provide their own non-verbal cues for the patient to interpret. This is referred to as attending. A unwashed mnemonic used for this is SOLER (Sit squarely, Open posture, Lean forward, Eye-contact, Relaxed) (Egan, 2002). Encouragement such as quiet murmuring (e.g. Mmm) and head nodding is also used to show attentiveness and openness, allowing the patient to feel understood. Despite many methods of encouragement and understanding the clinician may still find barriers with particular patients. In Amandas case some barriers may include Amandas apparent lack of awareness to her environment, she may be unable to listen or acknowledge the clinician, such as when she is staring at the ceiling. Amandas hallucinations can potentially dismantle or prevent any congruent chat and distort her responses. annotation and attending are important skills in listening as they are fundamental in establishing effective relationships (Stein-Parbury, 2013). Using listening skills to develop a comprehensive understanding of Amandas situation the clinician can respond then in a manner that matches Amandas needs.Define therapeutic confabulation. Using case study examples, explain the difficulties involved in communication when managing a complex scene that includes an anxious patient who presents in the emergency department with a distressed and demanding relative.Hungerford (2011) defines therapeutic communication as a communication technique utilised by a health headmaster to manoeuver with a person and enable them to achieve personal change. It is essentially the face to face communication between clinician and patient that aims to enable compulsive change in the patient. An anxious patient such as Amanda can be difficult to manage, especially in the presence of bystanders or relatives who are distressed, in Amandas case it is her mother. While Amandas mother may mean well, she is most likely contributing to Amandas anxiety. Rather than aiding health professionals she is hindering their ability to reduce Amandas anxiety as she is eternally obstructing and getting in their way causing calveions. In addition to change magnitude Amandas anxiety, health professionals attention may be taken away from Amanda and focused on calming the mother down. This has a negative impact of the patients well-being, increasing the time it takes to subvert the situation and decrease the patients anxiety.Amandas mothers constant interruptions have a negative impact of the patients well-being. For example, She is not right she is really unwell as heard from Amandas perspective is escalating the situation, making Amanda feel worse than she has too and increasing her anxiety. A potential method to avoid relatives increasing patient anxiety is to bump them. The paramedics tell apart them during transport, taking Amanda in the ambulance where s he can receive further care that is needed, and Amandas mother via police. At the ED Amandas mother continues to interrupt clinicians. To remove the potential of increasing Amandas distress, the clinician interviews Amanda alone. Although Amandas mum provided important information it was beneficial to interview Amanda alone. In a situation where a relative is distressed and interferes with treatment it is most appropriate to kindly separate them from the patient, take them to another area where they can calm down and maybe have a drink or some food.What are the tell apart components of an effective handover between health professionals from different disciplines? Discuss the important considerations of patient handover in regards to objective information and confidentiality (8).A clinical handover is the transfer of professional responsibility and accountability for some or allaspects of care for a patient, or aggroup of patients, to another person or professional group ona tempo rary or permanent basis (National longanimous Safety Agency, 2014). The aim of the handover is to establish effective communication of clinical information during patient transfer from the care of one health professional to another. There are numerous steps or processes involved in an effective handover. First, the clinician sending information needs to show strong leadership. Second, any members of the health check team involved in the care of the patient prior to or subsequent to the handover should have an active role in the handover. Third, a many-sided quantity of information involving the patients past, current and future care should be provided. Finally, the poop step is to ensure patients that are not stable are quickly reviewed, further care is planned and the tasks are prioritised appropriately (AMA, 2006). affected roles expect that confidentiality is reckon and personal information is treated with utmost care. Confidentiality is an important legal tariff of health professionals. Delicate and sensitive information regarding patient care should not be discussed in potentially compromised areas, ideally in private lodge away from the public. A final factor to consider during patient handover is the level of objective information. Objective information is fact-based, measurable and observable, as opposed to intrinsic information which is based on personal opinions, interpretations and judgement (Hjrland, 2007). Health professionals are required to avoid relaying information that is judgemental, opinion and subjective as this form of information can lead to misinformed health professionals which consequently creates poor or inappropriate patient care (Hemmings and Brown, 2009).ReferencesAMA (2006) Safe handover Safe patients Guidance on clinical handover for clinicians and managers. Australian Medical Association. Kingston, ACT, Australia.Dorland, (2011). Mental Status Examination. InDorlands illustrated medical dictionary, 20th ed. Philadelphi a, USA Elsevier Health Sciences.Egan, G. (2002). The skilled helper a problem-management and opportunity-development near to helping. 7th edition. Pacific Grove, California Brooks/Cole.Fredriksson, L., 1999. Modes of relating in caring conversation a research synthesis on presence, touch and listening. Journal of locomote Nursing 30, 1167-1176.Hemmings, C Owen L, Brown, T 2009. Lost in translation increase handover effectiveness between paramedics and receiving staff in the emergency department,Emergency Medicine Australasia, 21, 2, pp. 102-107, academician Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 4 May 2014.Henry, S.G., Fuhrel-Forbis, A., Rogers, M.A.M., et al., 2012. Association between nonverbal communication during clinical interactions and outcomes and outcomes a systematic review and meta-analysis. Patient Education and counselor 86, 297-315.Hjrland, B. (2007). Information Objective or subjective/situational?. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci., 5814481456. doi10.1002/asi.20620Kaufman, D. and Zun, L. (1995). A quantifiable, Brief Mental Status Examination for emergency patients.The Journal of emergency medicine, 13(4), pp.449456.Marcovitch, H. (2009). Cognition. InBlacks Medical Dictionary, 42nd ed. A C Black.National Patient safety Agency, (2014). As cited inSafe handover safe patients. London British Medical Association, p.7.Shiber, J. and Santana, J. (2006). Dyspnea.Medical Clinics of pairing America, 90(3), pp.453-479.Stein-Parbury, J. (2013).Patient and person. 5th ed. Sydney Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.Trzepacz, P. and Baker, R. (1993).The Psychiatric Mental Status Examination. 1st ed. New York Oxford University Press.Volicer, L. Mahoney, E. Hurley, A. 2011 Mental status measurement Mini-mental state examination inEncyclopedia of nursing research, Springer publish Company, New York,

Communal Riot In India Media Communications Essay

Communal Riot In India Media Communications attemptCommunalism is a pervasive phenomenon in the public life of India and common riots ar the ugliest ex c each downion (Gopal Krishna, Communal Violence in India1985). Communal riots redeem render an integral part of commonism in India. An event apprize be class as a communal riot on devil primer coats. Firstly, if t make upher is power. Secondly, if two or more commun completely(a)y identified groups con scarer individually other or the members of the other group, at rough point during the fury (Varshney, 2002). The reason behind oftentimes(prenominal) communal riots can be looking and trivial though deep within there atomic number 18 semi g overnmental reasons behind such events (Varshney, 2002). India is non new to communal riots the first enter riots were in the year 1714, 1715, 1716 and 1750 in Ahmedabad (Rajeshwari, 2004). Bipin Chandra in his pa mathematical function Communalism in raw India writes that the maximum communal riots in India took place during 1923-26.Communal riots in India ar non spontaneous and are rarely due to any phantasmal animosity. They usually arise due to conflicting semi policy-making interests, which are ofttimes linked to economic interests (Rajeshwari, 2004). During the 1960s till the late 1980s, the topical anaesthetic political and economic factors plyed a significant role in instigating the riots in major parts of India (Engineer, 2002). However, since then the emergence of Hindtuva politics, it has been the major get to of communal riots (Engineer, 2002).The role of tidingsworthiness media in reportage of communal riots in India is a major field of operation of c oncern. Everything is account in the media, so are communal riots. The role of the intelligence media has grown in recent years, perhaps because of the centrality of the news media in communal violence and conflicts (Wolfsfeld, 2007). Even the close to casual of observers custom deny the increasing significance of news media at a lower place such crisis situations. The mould of the news media in peace processes is more subtle, in part because what is not reported in the media is in some panaches more beta than what is reported.This penning would look at the establishment agency Indian media covered and reported the two or so horrid incidents of communal violence in India the 1984 Sikh riots in New Delhi and the 2002 Gujarat (Godhra) riots. On both occasions the media drew criticisms. The paper would discuss if the media has been objective in binding both riots and also as to what should be medias role in reportage of such future communal riots in India, if any.2.The Changing Face of News MediaThe global media sphere is changing with all(prenominal)(prenominal) passing second. New communications technologies such as tv camera enabled consortiumile ph stars and laptop computers are full-grown journalists an opportunity to gather and riddle i nformation with normal ease. This digitization of the news industry has led to condensing of time and space and thus enabled us to see news and characters of conflicts as and when they happen. The images broadcasted in our living rooms are not altogether inform the global audience of the horrific happenings but might also sanction further violence in an existing violent situation. As a top, the medias reporting of a conflict situation has become as central to the unfolding of the conflict itself. With the evolution in technology the tyranny of blank might have reduced but mixed hidden realities and factors inactive affect the reporting of conflicts. This is proved by a study through with(p) by Virgil Hawkings, who explains that the conflict in Africa which has been in the post-Cold war demesne trustworthy for nearly 90% of the worlds war finales suffered a complete media black extinct. Similarly, the reporting of the long war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (D RC), which leave behinded in over one one million million deaths in the year 2000, was almost insignificant (Hawkins, 2008).Since the media has a powerful ability to reach large number of wad. It ignites the opinion create process and impacts the political decisions and audience reactions in the familiarity. This eventually shapes the course of familiar crises and conflicts (Ballantine, 2003). 3.The Media, Religion and PoliticsWith the planes hitting the Twin Towers on 11 September, 2001 the race in the midst of media and religion changed forever. Karim (2003) suggested that religion would become an essential topic for the media and the way media covers events would be influenced by the religious undertones. It is arguable if the world and its religions have changed or not, but the media coverage of the same surely has. Within India, religion has a large impact on the personal lives of millions of people. The country practices almost each other religion known to the world and this is one of the most important facets of the country, so is politics. The politicians play on the religious issues every now and then, and media is utilize as the platform. The politicians communicate with the common mass through the mass media. The way in which we know and find ab emerge our politicians is through the media. It is the media that serves as the briny transplant of communication between the politicians and the public. Religion is one of the subjects in India which the politicians intelligently use to their advantage.Academic literature has covered the representation of conflict in religion as well as media and religion but not much has been researched on media, religion and conflict situations in context with each other, e particular(prenominal)ly within an environment like India. It would be backbreaking to translate the relationship between religion, its construction, presentation and conflict situations covered in the media, with bulge some reference to the broader political context within which it invades place, because in a democracy like India, religion is certainly driven by political motives. In order to understand the role media plays and should play during communal clashes in India, let us analyze the two worst communal riots India has ever seen the 1984 Sikh riots and the 2002 Gujarat riots.4.The 1984 Sikh Riots in New Delhi4.1 The EventsOn 31st of October 1984, the Indian superlative Minister, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards. What followed was a complete havoc and it led to a lethal anti-Sikh riots in India. Sikh homes were systematically singled out in the capital and brutally destroyed (Tatla, 2006). The Sikhs were hounded, tyres were put around their neck, and gas pedal doused on their faces and bodies set ablaze to brutal death (Mohanka, 2005). More than 3,000 Sikhs were cut downed in New Delhi itself. Two hundred Gurudwaras, the place where Sikhs worship, were burnt down and mankin dy a(prenominal) Sikh owned shops were looted. 1The situation worsened when the newly choose Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, the son of Indira Gandhi was quoted, When a big tree falls, the ground beneath is sure to rumble. This gave a sense as if Rajiv Gandhi was giving a boost to the killers who were assassinating hundreds of Sikhs in the streets of New Delhi (Mohanka, 2005).Mrs. Gandhis assassinators were avenging Operation Bluestar. In the June of 1984, Mrs. Gandhi, cute to flush out some terrorists, led by Jamail Singh Bhindranwale, who were hiding in the precincts of the Golden tabernacle, the holiest inclose for Sikhs in India. On the 3rd of June, 1984 a 36 hour curfew was imposed in the Sikh dominated bow of Punjab. on the whole methods of communication and travel were suspended. Electricity supplies were interrupted, a total black out was created and Punjab was cut off from India and rest of the world (Brar, 1992).On the night of fifth of June, the Indian Army under the c ommand of Major Gen. Kuldeep Singh Brar stormed into the Golden Temple. By the morning of the 7th of June the Indian Army had full control of the temple. The competitive data trackers were killed in the two day battle but on with it a large number of pilgrims, civilians and children were also killed (Ahmed, 1996). The Sikh conjunction were agitated. Their holiest shrine was turned into a bloody battlefield and innocent lives were lost. Saran Singh, a retired bureaucrat and a famous member of the Sikh conjunction in India quotes It was blasphemy to send troops inside, open fire and in the process kill innocent devotees gathered to observe the martyrdom (Mohanka, 2005).From June to September 1984 most members of the Sikh community nursed a festering wound only to prattle out in Indira Gandhis assassi realm.4.2 The Indian Medias Coverage of Operation Bluestar and the Sikh RiotsMedia by its nature plays an extremely important role for any socio-political situation irrespective of the boundary it holds (Mohanka, 2005). The medias role in the riots of 1984 is an interesting case. Scholars believe that media can play a role in focussing on a cause much before it takes an ugly turn. In the case of Punjab in 1984, the topical anesthetic media was not supportive of the Sikh causes. Moreover, since of beginning of the problems in Punjab, the governance had a strict control on the media and imposed a heavy censorship. Since liberty until the invasion of cable tv set in India, the electronic media has served as the mouth of the government (Das, 2009). Similar was the role of the electronic media in Punjab during the riots. The Government had such tight control over the media that the unusual correspondents trying to capture the horrific events were not even allowed in the local land. The Indian Government acted as a strict visible gatekeeper and made it impossible to approve journalist visas for foreign correspondents. The events of the 1984 riots thus suffer ed not only from biased media coverage but also selective coverage which projected one sided selected situation (Das, 2009). The media blackout during the Operation Bluestar is a prime recitation of the same.The day before the actual invasion by the Indian Army, the Government ordered all fight down out of the state and restricted press coverage in Punjab. The press was allowed only a week later on special organised guided tours. The aftermath was later described by the press, as involving a downcast gang of criminals disliked by the bulk of Sikhs and Indians. The press described the militants as petty political agitators, rather than leaders of a movement for a greater Punjab autonomy, as believed by a majority of Sikhs. Similarly, during the reportage of the 1984 riots there were discrepancy between the press release of information and images and the actual severity of the violent situation that prevailed in the streets of New Delhi (Das, 2009). This utilization of selective information in the Indian media only contributed to the ambiguous image of Sikhs throughout the terra firma and failed to bring out their plight in the light. During the Sikh Movement the Government of India had passed the National Security Act (1980), the Punjab Disturbed Areas regularisation (1983), The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (1983) and the Terrorists Affected Areas (Special Courts Act of 1984). These acts provided the police and legions with sweeping powers. They could charge and curtail to the right to life under specialized situations. The mount of the media during the crisis had been partisan to take into account all types of multidimensional problem, historical, political, socio-economic and ideological. The media only focussed on special restricted information and ignored a careful examination of all the issues and processes that had led to the mayhem, the riots. During 1984, Indian leaders were informal to make up non-existent stories and broadcast through G overnment controlled radio and idiot box channels. Since there was a major restriction on the foreign press, all foreign news correspondents were left with no choice but to take the twister news of the local government controlled media.The United claims of America, The House of Representatives had a diorama point on the same. It verbalizeAs a result the outside world receives a biased one side view of what goes on in Punjab because the Indian Government has control over most of the domestic media. This contributes to the stereotype that all Sikhs are extremist radicals who are terrorising the preponderantly Hindu nation and that is precisely not the fact. If the Indian Government has zero to hide it should remove the news blackout and permit outsiders into Punjab. The free draw of information is essential to the prevention of rights and liberties in a democratic society and India claims to be the worlds largest democracy. So, they should act as the worlds largest democracy. T his is the foundation for a democratic nation and is not too much to ask of India to respect the rights of all its people and not just the Hindu majority. It is not right for any government to deny 16 million of its own people the basic political and civil rights. India has a moral obligation to protect the Sikh communityThe guinea pig publishers reporting on the Sikhs made no distinction between a regional political party, a handful of militants, and the entire Sikh community. Even the senior editors and columnists of the national news paper considered all Sikhs accountable for the assassination of Indira Gandhi and provided no sympathy to the community during the riots. Through the exact years of political crisis in Punjab before the horrific riots, the national dailies had not help resolve the issue. The measure of India, one of the leading national dailies and The Hindustan measure did more to incite ill will between Hindus and Sikhs than perhaps any other national inclin e phrase newspaper (Das, 2009).The media was a part of the misinformation carried out in the public. The best example of the same would be when a national newspaper carried out an condition reporting that huge quantities of heroin and drugs had been recovered within the Golden Temple complex and the same had been used by the militants to illegally fund their operations. Since, the foreign press was outlaw in Punjab they picked up the stage based on the 14th June press out Trust of India (PTI) news report from the government sources. This news was carried out in the major international newspapers. One week into the incident, the government retracted the official report on the grounds that the drugs had been recovered from the India-Pakistan leap and not the Golden Temple complex. This retraction by the government was not picked up by most international news agencies and the damage do by the initial report falsely remained amongst the mass. 3Many scholars believed that the Indi an media forgot to prioritize issues and failed to act upon them. Senior Indian journalist, Manoj Mitta along with H. S. Phoolka in the book When a Tree Shook Delhi writes that the media focussed on the assassination of Indira Gandhi and did not care enough about the Sikh murders during the riots. Mitta says The media by and large went by the official line on the thrashing. It focused on the happenings at teenager Murti Bhawan, where Indira Gandhis body lay in state and where from people around the world had come to pay respect. So photographers were flocking to that place and the killings that were simultaneously going on in the capital did not get recorded at all. Its unusual but true.Not all were pleased by the Indian medias coverage of the riots.5.The 2002 Gujarat Riots 5.1The EventsOn the 27th of February 2002, the Ahmedabad bound Sabarmati Express cultivate reached a small town in Gujarat named Godhra (Yeolekar, 2002). Instead of the usual stoppage for 5 transactions the cosmic string stopped for 25 minutes and then moved out of the platform. Before the train could run at its normal speed, the alarm set up was pulled to stop the train at Signal Falia, a Moslem inhabit locality. No one clear knows what really happened but after few minutes the compartment S-6 was on flames. 58 passengers including 26 women and 12 children were burnt to death (Yeolekar, 2002). Among the passengers were the Kar Sevaks travelling from Ayodhya. There have been different theories believing that Muslims were behind this crazy act. If this wasnt barbaric enough, what followed in the days to come shook the entire unconsecrated nation of India. During the next three days, from the 28th of February to 2nd of March, 2002 Muslims were butchered, massacred and burnt alive. erupt of the 24 districts in Gujarat, 16 were entangled by organized mob attacks in which over 2,000 Muslims were killed, 200 mosques and religious and cultural monuments were sent to rumbles (Sawant et al, 2002). The Muslim community of Gujarat suffered an enormous economic blow with an overall loss of Rs 35 billion.5.2 The Indian Medias Coverage of the Riots5.2.1 The Television CoverageFor the first time in the history of communal clashes in India, violence was carried live on television (Ninan 2002) as the television cameras brought across the horrific images to viewers home in Gujarat and elsewhere. There was no live coverage of the attacks against the Sikhs back in 1984 or the Babri Masjid fiasco in 1992. Those were the era of print media and television was hear to Doordarshan, a state owned channel. It was only in 1996 when, Rupert Murdoch ventured into India with the sense datum network and STAR News happened Indias first 24 hour news channel 4. This addition to the television spectrum of India added a new visual dimension to politics, violence and public sphere in India. In 2005, the television newscape had turned tedious with a large number of players entering the market several(prenominal) 24 hour news channels were launched. This led to intense competitive blemish of journalism, which was evident during the Gujarat riots. There were a large consortium of journalists and television crews from various channels on the streets in Gujarat, each trying to outdo each other. When the Gujarat violence happened, the private television in India had been broadcasting for about 8 years and was easily accessible by 40 million amongst the 81.6 million Indians who owned television sets (5 notes). This option offered by the private television gave the Indian viewers unprecedented access to independent broadcasting.When the first pictures of Gujarat riots were telecast on Indian screens on 27 February, the three major news networks in India Star News, Aaj Tak and Zee News did not follow the rule of thumbs formulated by the Press Council of India, a quasi-judicial watchdog organization (Mehta, 2006). The guidelines mentioned not to reveal the identity el ement of victims or attackers in the news reports but all the news networks carried blast headlines about the killing of the Kar Sevaks 6. The guidelines were against the mentioning of victims or attackers as Hindus or Muslims because they feared it could inflame passions and lead to revenge attacks. The television news networks with its striking visual images made this guideline redundant.While covering the riots in Gujarat, the television journalists openly identified the victims and the attackers. Varadarajan argues for the designation of communities. He states that not naming the communities increases a sense of suspicion and anguish amongst the ordinary citizens not only in the riot affected area but throughout the nation. Then people tend to assume that the victims are their own succession attackers are the other (Varadarajan, 1999).Famous Indian journalists, Rajdeep Sardesai and Barkha Dutt of STAR News reassert their stand of naming the communities. Barkha Dutt stated, Naming the community under siege in Gujarat was moot of the story. In fact it was the story, revealing as it did a prejudice administrative and political system that was happy to just stand by and watch.(Mehta, 2006).The bold and independent media coverage by the television media during the riots invited flak from the political actors in powers who were shown in bad light. Criticizing the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)and the Hindutva approach in the riots got STAR News and English newspapers like The Times of India and Indian Express bad press (Sonwalkar, 2006?).The BJPwas in power in the state of Gujarat and at the centre in New Delhi. After the initial violence, when the news coverage of the attacks against the Muslims in Gujarat started to reflect badly on the state and central government, the leaders came down heavily on the journalists and media personnel. The Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee addressed the nation a day after the attacks, regretting the disgraceful violence. He later on added that the news media were presenting an exaggerated account of the situation in Gujarat (The Times of India 2002a check book).The BJP and the state government under Narendra Modi singled out STAR News and banned cable operators from showing the channel in the state. The viewers in Ahmedabad, one of the worst affected regions in the riots, were left with blank television screens, insensible from the reality happening on the streets (Mehta, 2006). Cable operators received calls from local officials in Ahmedabad and other cities to completely black out STAR News, Zee News, CNN and Aaj Tak (The Times of India 2002a). Dossiers and hitlists on journalists were reportedly prepared while the channels which dared to reveal the impartiality and were critical of the Chief Minister and his plan of actions were not invited to the press conferences and accordingly were denied the basic right to information by the state itself (Sardesai 2004).The main cathexis of the BJP and its allies were that the news media did not cover and criticize those who were responsible for the Godhra train tragedy in which 58 Kar Sevaks were victims. This however remains untrue as the every news channels and major newspaper had covered the Godhra train tragedy exclusively, but the follow ups did not remain as the story of the day because the Union Budget followed on 28 February. The budget coverage was pushed aside when the mass killings and large scale retaliation against Muslims started in various parts of the state (Sonwalkar, 2006?).Another criticism was that, the national media inflamed communal passions by providing graphic television coverage of the dreadful events. The journalists and the news victor came out against the criticism and said that the level of violence would have been much worse if only the news media brought out the real picture by the graphic images.The BJP and its allies also christened the media as Marxist-Mullah combine and the Secular Taliban for criticising the attacks against the Muslims. Members of the Editors ball club of India visited the affected regions in Gujarat and were told by a group of Hindutva supporters that the Hindu community has been defamed with the coverage only being from the Muslim perspective They only hark to Muslims and ignore the Hindus (Patel et al, 2002).Sardesai explains the predicament faced by journalists in covering the riots(If ) any reporter, whether print of television, sees large-scale violence being committed, is the journalist to ignore the onerous reality and merely present the facts as seen through the government binoculars? If the Chief Minister says that the situation is returning to normal even while reports are streaming in of continuing violence in several parts of the state, are not the lies to be exposed? And if the government insists that the phalanx is out on the street when the fact is that the army has been kept on stand-by and is waiting for transport trucks, whose ve rsion is to be broadcast? (Sardesai, 2002a)5.2.21 The National Press CoverageIf the graphic coverage by the television channels hit the headlines and created criticisms, the nature of the press coverage also came under the hammer. The coverage by the print media makes an interesting study. There were two different approaches followed by the local and the national media. The local section of the press, including the Gujarati dailies Sandesh and Gujarat Samachar, covered the events from a pro-Hindutva stand and justified the killings of hundreds of Muslims. While the national media, including The Times of India and the Indian Express, were overtly critical of the channelized attacks against the Muslims (Sonwalkar, 2006?).The aggroup of Editors Guild of India met several journalists, correspondents, editors, Chief Minister Narendra Modi and others to conclude that the English-language national press played an exemplary role in coverage of the riots. BJPs allegations of media playing an worsen role in coverage of the riots have been dismissed by many scholars. Patel argues that the allegation was specious, self-serving and must be dismissed (Patel et al. 2002). The Editors Guild of Indias squad observed thatOur finding is that the prompt and extensive portrayal by the national media of the untold horrors visited on innocent people in the wake of the Godhra carnage was a saving grace. The exposure of the supine is not complicit attitude of the State and manifest outpourings of communal hatred, stirred the conscience of the nation, compelled remedial action, howsoever defensively and belatedlyHowever, the role of the sections of the Gujarat media, specially the Gujarat Samachar and more notably Sandesh, was provocative, irresponsible and blatantly violative of all accepted norms of media ethics. This cannot be lightly passed over. (Patel et al, 2002)5.2.1 The Regional Press CoverageGujarat Samachar is the largest interchange daily in Gujarat with a circulation of nearly 810,000 followed by Sandesh with 705,000 (Sonwalkar, 2006?). These two newspapers have a large readership and dominate the print market in Gujarat. A study by PUCL in 2002 found that there were several instances of ill-shapen and false reporting in these two newspapers and also the circulation of Sandesh rose by 150,000 due to its pro-Hindutva stand. The coverage abstract found that when Muslims were at fault, their names were clearly mentioned and the perpetrators identified. However, when the Muslims were the victims of murders, loots, arsons, and other heinous crimes the attackers were unnamed. The study concludedNo sources were quoted for headlines, even when they were manifestly lifted from speeches by Vishwa Hindu Parishad (one of the Hindutva polical parties in the state). Headlines were also misleading, and often followed up by reports that did not substantiate, and even negated the headlines completelyThe anti-minority stand was obvious in the tap in news repo rting. (PUCL, 2002).Sandesh was extremely provocative in its reporting. PUCL states Sandeshs usage of headlines was to provoke, share and terrorise people (PUCL 2002). On the 28th of Februrary, Sandesh carried a headline saying, 70 Hindus Burnt Alive in Godhra. Another report on the front page read, Avenge Blood with Blood, which was a quote from a statement made by one of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad leaders, but the newspaper used the words as a headline without mentioning the leader (Sonwalkar, 2006?).On the 6th of March, the headline read, Hindus Beware Haj Pilgrims return with a unwholesome Conspiracy, when the fact remains that hundreds of Haj pilgrims were terrified by the happenings in the state and had retuned under police protection. PUCL emphasized in its study that most news in Sandesh post-Godhra violence began with the sentence, In continuing spiral of communal rioting that broke out as a reaction to the satanic/barbaric, etc Godhra incident. The comminatory adjectives used in describing the Godhra incident were strikingly absent when covering the post Godhra Muslim annihilation (PUCL 2002).One of the reports mentioned that the breasts of two Hindu women had been chop up off by Muslim mobs during the crisis. This report turned out be false and the editor countered by saying that the information had been provided by the police. The papers editor told that it was against the policy of the newspaper to carry out corrections and clarifications for previously published articles (Patel et al, 2002). The Press Council of India later censured the newspaper for the fault (Prerna 2003). Gujarat Samachar also heightened the tenseness through its pro-Hindutva stand in coverage of the events. Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi openly praised Sandesh for its work, which was publishing false and rumoured reports with a pronounced pro-Hindutva and an anti-Muslim stance. In a garner to the newspapers editor, Modi writesThe newspapers of the state played a d ecisive role as a link between the people and the government. You have served humanity in a big way. It is the state governments primary duty to restore peace and security.It is famed that the newspapers of Gujarat gave their full support to the state government in undertaking this difficult task.I am grateful to you. (Varadarajan, 2002 286)The one regional newspaper that stood out amidst the Hindutva political orientation was the Gujarat forthwith, notably started by few liberal Muslims in the state. The report suggested Gujarat Today regularly carried out positive news items highlighting interdependence of the communities twisty (PUCL 2002). The two English-language national newspapers in India, The Times of India and the Indian Express were critical of the state government in their articles. However, these two newspapers also publish editions from Gujarat and a clear divide was evident between the two English-language dailies and the two regional editions (Sonwalkar, 2006?). While the English-language version was sharp in its criticisms of Chief Minister Narendra Modi and his policies, the two Gujarati dailies propagated the need of Hindutva. Desai, an Ahmedabad-based correspondent of the Indian Express writesToday, all the people who once used to look at me with respect question me and abuse me. They do this because I represented a publication whose medium is English and because I reported human misery in its right perspective.A friend said All of you from the English language media have tarnished the image of Gujarat. Today, the common man in Gujarat hates the English language media. Even a section of the English language media hates the English language media. (Desai 2004 228)(Need to conclude)6.The Role of the Media During Communal Riots An AnalysisThe result of multiple and complex interests of regions, states and/or various types of groups within them leads to economic, social and political crisesconflicts. Such crises conflicts are difficult to clasp and requires negotiations between the parties involved and in this amorphous age of media the governments are finding extremely difficult to handle such situations (Terzis, 2008?). Despite the increased importance of communication, very few governments can speak about successful communication during conflicts and crises because they fail to take into status the perception of the conflict or the crises in the minds of the common mass, the scientific analysis of the causable factors, the agendas of the parties involved and the changing nature of the conflict itself (Ballantine, 2003).The role of mass media in covering and resolving conflicts, especially those involving religious differences that leads to frequent communal riots in India, is extre

Liquefied Petroleum Gas Lpg Engineering Essay

Liquefied Petroleum float Lpg app fraudd science EssayLiquefied Petroleum Gas is an important source of muscularity for millions of people around the world. LPG consists mainly of heavy weapones at atmospheric temperature and compact (propane and butane), which when subjected to little storm or refrige ration can liquefy. This makes it possible to transport and fund as molten in pressurized cylinders and containers, which must be safely and cautiously handled.DefinitionLiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) can be app arntly described as hydrocarbons that exist as dehydrations chthonian ambient conditions of temperature and twinge, but can be liquefied by the application of talk over pressure.When botch is liquefied, the ledger occupied by the desiccation well decreases, so the liquid formed requires less storage space. The material is therefore stored and distributed in the liquid course in pressurized containers and formations and is fin altogethery allowed to return to the vapour phase at the point of eventual utilization.Sources of LPGLPG as the name suggests, consists mainly of a mix of hydrocarbons (Propane and Butane) with a little proportion of unsaturates (Propylene and Butylene). These hydrocarbons and unsaturates (LPG) can be produced by means of two main sources which argonWet infixed Gas, which consists entirely of pure hydrocarbons (Propane and Butane) and can be rig in petroleum or particle accelerator fields, being exterminated as condensable increases from natural bumble and also extracts from unrefined oil during the stabilization emergence applied in order to strike down the vapour pressure prior to shipmentRefining process to remove impurities like moisture and sulphur compounds (hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans), which may lead to choke off of valves and corrosion. However, due to the odourless nature of LPG, ethyl mercaptan which has a unique odour, is added to agile the user of LPG incase a leak takes place.The product of crude oil refining fall into troika main categoriesThe permanent gases, Methane and Ethane which tolerate gaseous regardless of pressure, unless refrigerated.Hydrocarbons having five or more carbon atoms per molecule. They argon liquid or solid at atmospheric temperature and pressure and discover for most of the crude oil refined.Propane, Butane and Isobutane, together with Propylene, Butylene and Isobutylene have three or four carbon atoms per molecule. All have the special circulariseplane propeller of becoming liquid at atmospheric temperature if moderately compressed and throwback to gases when the pressure is sufficiently reduced.CUsersMr TDesktopIMAG0168.jpgProperties of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) drying up PressureVapour pressure is a measure of the volatility of the gas and where vapour exists in conjunction with the liquid phase is referred to as the fertilization vapour pressure. At the boiling point it is equal to atmospheric pressure and increases as the temperature rises to the critical. Propane with its turn down boiling point frankincense exerts a great vapour pressure under identical conditions than butane.Knowledge of the vapour pressure of a gas is thus essential in order to be able to specify the design conditions for the pressurized system. It is also required to enable the gas offtake rates by natural vapourization to be calculated.In practical terms, systems are often specifically designed to be suitable for either butane or propane which thus precludes a butane system from being used for propane, but enables the propane system to be classed as dual purpose.GDCIM100MEDIAIMAG0198.jpgBoiling Points of LPGThe constituent gases found in a commercial LPG mixture all have truly low boiling points and will thus normally exist in the vapour phase, under atmospheric conditions, unless they have been liquefied or refrigerated.Where the gases are held at a temperature at or below their boiling point, the vapour pressure will be equal to or less than atmospheric. This lieu has led to the development of large scale storage at naval terminals where the product is held in refrigerated form in what is essentially a non-pressurized system.Above ambient temperature, the gases exert an increase vapour pressure, thus increasing the pressure required for liquefaction. This pressure continues to increase until the critical temperature is reached, (96.67oC for propane 152.03oC for n-butane), above which temperature of the gases terminate to exist in the liquid phase even if further pressure is applied.Latent Heat of LPGThe latent heat of a liquid product is the quantity of heat absorbed to enable vapourization to occur.In the event of liquid LPG being allowed to vapourize naturally, the latent heat required is taken from itself and its immediate milieu at the same time, causing a drop in temperature. The process is known as auto-refrigeration.Very low temperatures can be achieved with propane under such conditi ons therefore in order to avoid operators receiving severe chilliness burns, protective clothing is required.Specific Volume, Relative DensityLPGs exist as heavy gases approximately 1.5 2.0 clock the density of air in vapour phase. They reduce in volume intimately on liquefaction (ratio of gas volume to liquid volume at 15.6oC/1016mbar is 233 for butane and 274 for propane) to exist as a muster out liquid which is approximately half the weight of water (Propane 0.50 0.51, Butane 0.57 0.58).It can thus be seen that LPG vapours heavier than air will tend to cling to the run aground seeking to enter trenches, drains and other low areas, which could make it take considerably longer time to disperse.Leaking liquid phase LPG will rapidly increase to around 250 times its own volume, therefore creating a greater endangerment than would occur with a similar sized vapour leakage.Where temperature conditions permit the organism of free liquid from a leakage, the product will float on whatsoever water present. This normally occurs with butane in freezing conditions and a regular scenario would occur during firefighting operations.Coefficient of Cubical Expansion of LiquidLiquid phase LPG expands considerably when its temperature increases. The coefficients of cubical expansion at 15oC are approximately 0.0016 per oC for propane and 0.0011 per oC for butane. These values are around 4 times the equivalent for fuel oil, 10 times that for water and 100 times that for steel.This high rate of expansion has to be taken into consideration when specifying the maximum quantity of LPG permitted to be filled into any pressure vessel, ie the filling ratio defined by codes of pattern for different specification of LPGs under different ambient conditions.Be excite the filling ratio precautions taken to prevent the hydraulic filling of storage systems cannot be encompassing to the connecting liquid phase pipework, these parts of the system are protected by the provision of small hydrostatic relief valves situated in all areas where the liquid LPG can be trapped between closed valves.Limits of Flammability vaporific fuels will only burn when mixed with air in proportions which lie between two well defined limits, known as the get off and upper limits of flammability. The lower limit being the smallest quantity of combustible gas which, when mixed with a given quantity of air (or O2) will allow self-propagating flame.A leak of 1m3 of liquefied propane will produce 274m3 of propane vapour, which will cause immediate entrainment of air and progressive dilution of the concentration.When the upper limit of 10% is reached, the propane/air mixture becomes flammable (ie when the propane entrains, 274 10 = 2740m3 of air). The mixture only becomes flammable when the lower limit of 2% is reached (ie when the propane entrains 274 50 = 13,700m3) of air.Therefore, should a leak of propane occur, the propane/air mixture will be flammable and hence extremely dange rous until it has been thin with more than 13,700m3 air per m3 of propane leakage.The following are the limits of flammability of LPG and some other fuelsGasLower LimitUpper LimitCommercial Propane2.010.0Commercial Butane1.89.0Natural Gas5.015.0Coal Gas5.040.0CUsersMr TDesktopIMAG0189.jpg

Analysis Of The Wheatstone Bridge

Analysis Of The Wheatst atomic public figure 53 distichThis Term Paper is almost topic Wheatst unity link up. A Wheatstone distich is a device which is employ to get under ones skin the unnamed resisitance. It is an promoter or a circumference consisting of four-spot-spot electrical ohmic oppositions or their equivalent in series which is apply to determine the value of an unacknowledged fortress when the other three resistances atomic number 18 cognise. If talk in mevery little detail past wheatstone pair contains the four resistance in which one is unkown resistance which we have to find ,one is vari fit resistance which is withal c all(prenominal)ed the rheostat of the circuit and two cognize resistance. It also contains the galvanometer for the detection of the received and it is also use to find the direction of ongoing.The various use of wheatstone linkwork is as under-It is is used by galvanic force play distributors to accurately locate breaks i n a power line.It is also used to admonisher sensor devices such as strain gauges. Such devices change their inwrought resistance according to the unique(predicate) level of strain (or pressure, temperature, etc.), and serve as the enigmatical resistor RX.Meter bridge deck, post office box and Carey cherish bridge are instrumentates based on the principle of Wheatstone bridgeThe sanctioned use is to measure the isolated resistance.What is a wheatstone bridge?The wheatstone bridge is an instrument which is generally used to measure electrical resistance by fit a bridge circuit. The bridge circuit contains four resistance, one of which contains the un cognize resistance ,one variable resistance and two known resistance.Introductions to Wheatstone distich-Wheatstone Bridge, a device for measurement electrical resistance. In wheat-stone bridge four resistance R1, R2, R3and R4are affiliated end to end with each other to skeleton a closed loop. A sensitive galvanometer Gis c onnected in the midst of their junctions.One form of Wheatstone bridge is shown in the following example-For example- When the Wheatstone bridge is connected in an electrical circuit, part of the stream flows to the object whose resistance is unknown and part of catamenia flows to the resistor of known resistance. If more real flows finished one side of the circuit than the other, the galvanometer shows the deflection. Due to potential drop difference ca-ca in between them when the current flows equally along both sides of the bridge then the galvanometer shows zero deflection.Thus the bridge is balanced, the unknown resistance is metrical by using formula. The formula is-R1/R2=R3/R4Where R1 is the unknown resistance.R2 is the variable resistanceR3 and R4 are the known resistancesGenerally wheat-stone bridge is used to determine unknown resistances.Conditions for wheatstone bridge-There are two contexts for wheatstone bridge which is as under-Condition-1Galvanometer is ince ssantly in zero potential in the circuit.Condition-2We should have to take one variable resistance.History of Wheatstone bridge- link 1Wheatstones bridge circuit diagram.A Wheatstone bridgeis an electrical circuit invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843. It is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by equilibrate two pegs of a bridge circuit, one leg of bridge contains the unknown component and variable component. Its operation is similar to the originalpotentiometer.Potentiometer - link 2A potentiometeris an instrument for touchstone the potential ( potential drop) in a circuit,they were used in measuring emf.Creation of Wheatstone bridge by different scientists- link 51) A scientist and mathematicsematician, Samuel Hunter Christie, unquestionable the circuit to measure unknown electrical resistances and first described it in 1833. The bridge worked because of the special diamond-shaped ar windment of the four resistors. Electrical current from a battery split into two parallel branches of the circuit. One consisted of a resistor with a fixed, known resistance and an adjustable resistor, also with a known resistance. The other leg contained a resistor of fixed and known resistance and some other whose resistance needed to be determined. By using a galvanometer to balance the current flowing through the two branches, Christie could, with the help of a little math, determine the value of the unknown resistor.2) Then another British scientist, Wheatstone, came across Christies description of the instrument, which Wheatstone referred to as a differential resistance measurer. A prominent member of the Royal Society of London, Wheatstone was wellhead-positioned to give the tool a popularity boost. He gave an account of Christies invention at an 1843 lecture, and soon after it came to be called the Wheatstone bridge was used in telegraphy and other coats. Wheatstone himself, however, gave full faith for its invention to Christie. But in translations of his lecture that appeared in Germany and France the following year, Wheatstones ascription was nowhere to be found.In addition to bringing the device to semipublic attention, Wheatstone improved the design (Wheatstone developed the rheostat, a variable resistor) and found some(prenominal) new uses for it. By changing the type of elements contained in its legs, the Wheatstone bridge deal determine unknown capacitances, inductances, frequencies and other properties.Besides Wheatstone, several other scientists helped gestate the range of the device, including William Thomson, Lord Kelvin and James Clerk Maxwell. This sensitive, accurate rule for measuring resistance is still widely used today.Theory of Wheatstone Bridge-To understand this circuit, consider the following Figure to be two potential dividers shown belowWhen the bridge is balanced, the electromotive forces measured by V1and V2are equal, hence no current flows through the Galvanometer G in above figure. Since V1and V2are at the same voltage, the resistance ratios Rx/RSand l1/l2are equal. Because the slide wire has a uniform resistance per unit length, the length ratios l1/l2is equivalent to resistance ratio R1/R2.How Equipment of wheatstone bridge works- Link 8The current flows from validatory to negative through the circuit.When it reaches Point Ain the diagram, it splits and travels through either one of two Known Resistors, R1 or R2. Resistance is measured in a unit called an ohm. Here we notice that when this applet initializes, the resistance at R1 is 1 K ohm, while at R2 it is also at 1 K ohm. after(prenominal) the diverging currents pass through their respective resistors (R1 or R2), each reaches another fork in the road. At this point, if the bridge is not balanced, some or all of the current from either the R1 or R2 path will diverge down this nitty-gritty path that bisects the square created by the circuit. The Galvanometer ispositioned on this middle path which generally tells the presence or absence of current.The direction of this current is determined by the value of the Variable Resistor(R3).Here at this eon the bridge is not balanced because the ratio of resistance on the known leg (R1/R2) is not equal to the ratio on the unknown leg (R3/R4). This is where the variable resistor which is also called rheostat of the bridge comes into play. It rotter be alter until no current flows down the middle path. When that is achieved, the Galvanometer reads zero and the bridge is balanced. Achieve this balanced state by adjusting the Variable Resistorslider until the Galvanometer reads zero and no more current flows through the middle path. Notice how the arrows depicting current direction change as you manipulate the slider. The ohm value is displayed above the slider.By discovering the value of the variable resistor in the balanced bridge, you are able to determine what the unknown resista nce at R4 is, with a little mathR1/R2 = R3/R4orR4 = (R2 * R3) /R1So by using the above formula we toilet easily find out the unknown electrical resistance.Derivations-Derivation of Wheatstone Bridge-link 1First, Kirchhoffs first rule is used to find the currents in junctions Band DWhen thenI3= Ixand I1= I2(3)Then, Kirchhoffs second rule is used for finding the voltage in the loops ABDand BCDThe bridge is balanced when Ig= 0, so the second set of equatings force out be rewritten as.(1).(2)By dividing equation 1 by 2 we get-From the equation (3), I3= Ixand I1= I2. The desired value of Rxis now known to be given asIf all four resistor values and the translate voltage (VS) are known, the voltage across the bridge (VG) buttocks be found by working out the voltage from each potential divider and subtracting one from the other. The equation for this isThis can be simplified toWith boss B being (VG) positive, and node D being (VG) negative.Bridgeconatianing constant voltage and voltage gage -A basic Wheatstone bridge circuit contains four resistances, a constant voltage input, and a voltage gage, as illustrated below.For a given voltage input Vin, the currents flowing through ABCand ADCdepend on the resistances, i.e.,The voltage drops from Ato Band from Ato Dare given by,The voltage gage reading Vgcan then be obtained from,Now suppose that all resistances can change during the measurement. The alike(p) change in voltage reading will be,If the bridge is ab initio balanced, the initial voltage reading Vgshould be zero. This yields the following relationship between the four resistances,We can use this result to simplify the previous equation that includes the changes in the resistances. Doing so results in the solution for the change in Vg,where h is defined by,Moreover, when the resistance changes are small (which is the basic equation administration the Wheatstone bridge voltage in strain measurement. The coefficient is called the circuit efficiency.Equal-Resi stance Wheatstone Bridge forget me drug-In practice, one often uses the same resistance value for all four resistors, R1= R2= R3= R4= R. Noting that r = 1 in this case, the change in voltage can be further simplified to,By thoughtfully selecting the sucker and reference resistances, the Wheatstone bridge circuit can amplify small changes in resistance and/or compensate for changes in temperature.How to use the Wheatstone Bridge -In its basic application, a dc voltage (E) is applied to the Wheatstone Bridge, and a galvanometer (G) is used to monitor the balance condition. The values of R1 and R3 are precisely known, but do not have to be identical. R2 is a calibrated variable resistance, whose current value may be read from a dial or scale.An unknown resistor, RX, is connected as the fourth side of the circuit, and power is applied. R2 is adjusted until the galvanometer, G, reads zero current. At this point, RX = R2-R3/R1.This circuit is most sensitive when all four resistors have similar resistance values. However, the circuit works quite well in any event. If R2 can be varied over a 101 resistance range and R1 is of a similar value, we can switch decade values of R3 into and out of the circuit according to the range of value we expect from RX. Using this method, we can accurately measure any value of RX by moving one multiple-position switch and adjusting one precision potentiometer.Significance of wheatstone bridge - link 1The Wheatstone bridge illustrates the concept of a difference measurement, which can be extremely accurate. Variations on the Wheatstone bridge can be used to measure capacitance, inductance, impedance and other quantities, such as the amount of flammable gases in a sample, with an explosimeter. The Kelvin bridge was specially adapted from the Wheatstone bridge for measuring very low resistances. In many cases, the significance of measuring the unknown resistance is related to measuring the impact of some material phenomenon such as force, temperature, pressure, etc which thereby allows the use of Wheatstone bridge in measuring those elements indirectly.Applications of Wheatstone Bridge- Link 6,Link 7 A number of resistance measuring devices have been devised on the principle of wheatstone bridge.For example 1) Meter bridge, post office box and Carey nurse bridge are instruments based on the principle of Wheatstone bridge and are used to measure unknown resistance.2) A very common application in industry today is to monitor sensor devices such as strain gauges. Such devices change their internal resistance according to the specific level of strain (or pressure, temperature, etc.), and serve as the unknown resistor RX. However, quite of trying to constantly adjust R2 to balance the circuit, the galvanometer is replaced by a circuit that can be calibrated to record the degree of imbalance in the bridge as the value of strain or other condition being applied to the sensor.3) A third application is used by elect rical power distributors to accurately locate breaks in a power line. The method is fast and accurate, and does not require a large number of field technicians.Other applications abound in electronic circuits. Well fill a number of them in action as these pages continue to expand.Bridge circuits are widely used for the measurement of resistance, capacitance, and inductance. The resistive bridge, also known as Wheatstone bridge.Links used in the Term Paper-1)http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatstone_bridge2) http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer_%28measuring_instrument%293)http//www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/methods/wheatstone_bridge.cfm4) http//www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/wheatstonebridge/index.html5) http//www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/museum/wheatstonebridge.html6) http//www.citycollegiate.com/wheatstone_bridge.htm7) http//www.transtutors.com/physics-homework-help/current-electricity/wheatstone-bridge-and-potentiometer.aspx8) http//reocities.com /CapeCanaveral/8341/bridge.htm

The Research and Development of the High Altitude Sleeping System: HASS :: Essays Papers

The Research and Development of the naughty altitude Sleeping System HASSAbstractVarious negative physiologic effects of quiescence at high elevations increase dramatically above 12,000 feet. These effects include dehydration, hypothermia, susceptibility to respiratory tract infection, high aggrandizement sleep apnea, severe fatigue, and other ailments of varying severity. Until now, technology has done truly footling to address these problems. Working in the University of Colorado at boulders Biological Altitude exam Laboratory, undergraduate David de la Garza and I developed a High Altitude Sleeping System called HASS. HASS is a lightweight, inexpensive, and easytouse device that corporation drastically reduce or even prevent many of the maladies storied above. This project sets out the research, design, and palmtesting of a working prototype of HASS.What happens to the body when people fleet at higher elevations?On high mountains, the air is cold and only dry. As in haled air passes through the nose or mouth, it is warmed and humidified, imbibe both heat and water from the body, and these ar not recovered during exhalation. On the highest mountains where breathing is so greatly increased this heat and water bolshie cannot be sustained for very long. Dehydration exaggerates the impacts of hypothermia and hypoxia. Dr. Charles Houston, MDWhy are these effects important, and what can we do about them?As the preceding paraphrase attests, crampoons (as well as other high altitude adventurers) risk hypothermia and hypoxia from the extreme cold, low humidity, and decreased air pressure. Furthermore, they risk impaired judgment and reflexes repayable to the effects of sleep apnea. All of these factors combined can greatly endure to the danger involved in mountaineering or trekking. These symptoms are by and large associated with or become very acute during sleep. However, technology has done little to improve sleeping environments for people at high altitude. Working in the University of Colorado at Boulders Biological Altitude Testing Laboratory, undergraduate David de la Garza and I developed a High Altitude Sleeping System called HASS. HASS is a lightweight, inexpensive, and easytouse device that can drastically reduce or even prevent many of the maladies noted above (especially when sleeping above 12,000 feet). Our goal was to research, design, and fieldtest a working prototype of HASS that would alleviate these ailments by maintaining a sleeping climbers lungs comfortably warm and hydrated while increasing her internal respiration rate throughout the night.How does HASS help with sleep?HASS is designed to reduce the boilers suit stress placed on the human body while sleeping at high altitude.

Hawks Essay -- essays research papers

Major Groups of the creatureThe major group that haggles belong to is the bird group. Hawkshave wings and feathers to fly. Which either(a) are characteristics of birds. The provoket over has eyes on the sides of its head so it stand see any around, homogeneous to a normal bird. The differences between the incline and otherbirds is that the slant is a bird of prey. &8220Birds of prey or raptorsmake their subsisting by hunting, killing, and consuming live animals. They are at the top of the ecologic intellectual nourishment chain which makes the tradea top consumer.EvolutionThe sky is closely related to all told birds of prey. Any bird thatmakes its subsisting by hunting, killing, and consuming live animals has acharacteristic equal to the tilt. Even though owls are not relatedto eagles, falcons, and vultures they have similar hunting habits andsimilar equipment for catching and killing - sharp, hooked beaks, andstrong, sharp, curved toenails or talons. Owls are noc turnal for themost part and the others hunt during the day. Hawks evolved fromraptors which as well as were birds of prey. Hawks evolved with eaglesand falcons mainly but to a fault with some other birds as well.Habitat and BiomeHawks live in all different habitats. Some in the foothills of themountains while others live in the bosky open country and badlandsof Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and South-centralCalifornia. Also in pairing and Central America for a more widevariety of inclines. Its biome would be in the Deciduous area as well asthe Grassland and move of the desert.Tropic Level/NicheThe tilt is at the top of the bionomical nutrition chain. It is the topconsumer of the food chain. nonhing eats it because it is at the highestlevel. The higgle eats almost everything and anything that is living. From starlings and sparrows and pigeons and quail to reptiles andamphibians. Even ground squirrels and field mice. well-nigh all rodentsalong with fish which are eat en by certain kinds of delivers. The hawklives amongst the tallest trees in the woods. They plant their nest veryhigh up so they fuel keep a close lookout on everything that is t unmatchable endingon. It also helps to have the nest high to keep predators away fromthe hawks young. feeding and Defense AdaptationsHawks are not nocturnal, li... ...ks will chase down birds such as pigeons orsparrows. With the hawks great maneuvering skills, it mass chase itsprey with trees and bushes. The hawk uses its talons to protectitself and its young. Humans are the predators which rarely effect thehawk and its life. We usually kill it by destroying the hawks habitatindirectly. Its young may be in the tree that we cut down, thereforelowering the number of hawks. non very drastically though. Hawksonly predators are coyotes and other such animals that can attacktheir young if it is out of the nest. The hawks will defend their youngat all costs. ReproductionHawks reproduce once a year. They h ave iodin mate for theirwhole life. Unless, of course if one dies whence the other hawk will find anew mate. It usually lays 3-5 blotched or spotted eggs a year,depending on food supply. Hawks reproduction has galore(postnominal) factorsthat determine weather or not the bird will reproduce. If the food isn&8217tabundant consequently the hawks may not reproduce as umteen eggs, if any. Ifthe mate dies or finds a new mate then the other hawk may notreproduce for that year. Hawks will vanish their mate, under certainconditions. Hawks Essay -- essays research papers Major Groups of the puppetThe major group that hawks belong to is the bird group. Hawkshave wings and feathers to fly. Which all are characteristics of birds. The hawk has eyes on the sides of its head so it can see all around,similar to a normal bird. The differences between the hawk and otherbirds is that the hawk is a bird of prey. &8220Birds of prey or raptorsmake their living by hunting, killing, and consuming live animals. They are at the top of the bionomic food chain which makes the hawka top consumer.EvolutionThe hawk is closely related to all birds of prey. Any bird thatmakes its living by hunting, killing, and consuming live animals has acharacteristic similar to the hawk. Even though owls are not relatedto eagles, falcons, and vultures they have similar hunting habits andsimilar equipment for catching and killing - sharp, hooked beaks, andstrong, sharp, curved toenails or talons. Owls are nocturnal for themost part and the others hunt during the day. Hawks evolved fromraptors which also were birds of prey. Hawks evolved with eaglesand falcons mainly but also with some other birds as well.Habitat and BiomeHawks live in all different habitats. Some in the foothills of themountains while others live in the bosky open country and badlandsof Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and South-centralCalifornia. Also in trades union and Central America for a more widevariety of hawks. Its biome would be in the Deciduous area as well asthe Grassland and separate of the desert.Tropic Level/NicheThe hawk is at the top of the bionomic food chain. It is the topconsumer of the food chain. Nothing eats it because it is at the highestlevel. The hawk eats almost everything and anything that is living. From starlings and sparrows and pigeons and quail to reptiles andamphibians. Even ground squirrels and field mice. around all rodentsalong with fish which are eaten by certain kinds of hawks. The hawklives amongst the tallest trees in the woods. They plant their nest veryhigh up so they can keep a close lookout on everything that is expiryon. It also helps to have the nest high to keep predators away fromthe hawks young. feeding and Defense AdaptationsHawks are not nocturnal, li... ...ks will chase down birds such as pigeons orsparrows. With the hawks great maneuvering skills, it can chase itsprey by dint of trees and bushes. The hawk uses its talons to protect itself and its young. Humans are the predators which rarely effect thehawk and its life. We usually kill it by destroying the hawks habitatindirectly. Its young may be in the tree that we cut down, thereforelowering the number of hawks. Not very drastically though. Hawksonly predators are coyotes and other such animals that can attacktheir young if it is out of the nest. The hawks will defend their youngat all costs. ReproductionHawks reproduce once a year. They have one mate for theirwhole life. Unless, of course if one dies then the other hawk will find anew mate. It usually lays 3-5 blotched or spotted eggs a year,depending on food supply. Hawks reproduction has many factorsthat determine weather or not the bird will reproduce. If the food isn&8217tabundant then the hawks may not reproduce as many eggs, if any. Ifthe mate dies or finds a new mate then the other hawk may notreproduce for that year. Hawks will admit their mate, under certainconditions.

An Examination of Rips Character in Irvings Rip Van Winkle :: Rip Van Winkle Essays

An Examination of countercurrents Character in Irvings extract cutting edge Winkle Washington Irving wrote Rip Van Winkle with the American plenty in mind. At this time society was changing drastically. America was attempting to go through a struggle with forming their own identity. America was wanting to put one across an identity that would set them free from side culture and rule. Irving uses his main character, Rip Van Winkle, to symbolize America. Rip goes through the same struggles that America was sledding through at this time before and after the Revolution. Irving uses such considerable symbolism in this recital to describe the changes that American society went through. This story covers a wide variety of time periods including America before English rule, early American colonies under English rule, and America after the rotatory War. One main issue of the story was one of identity, especially at this time in history. Rip was having difficulty finding himself through bring out the story. His married woman constantly nagged at him probably all in good reason. His work was fading away. He was trifling and unproductive. He underwent many emotional changes throughout the story. He didnt appreciate what he had, and before he could even scud it was gone. Life is too short to not appreciate everything in it and eff it to the fullest. In the first paragraph I chose to look at, it leads right into when Rip goes off for a strait to go squirrel shooting. Although the main reason for his walk was to get away for his nagging wife. The story could be interpreted in two different ways. One being that Rip was a lazy bum who did not take responsibility for his wife, children, and farm. He rather go out and drink and hang with his buddies at the tavern. I believe Irving specifically wrote this story for men. The story makes the wife sound like the wretched, nagging, old horrible woman and all she cares about is bothering her husband. This to me sounds all to familiar to what goes on alleviate to this day. I believe the story makes Dame Van Winkle out to be the one in change of the power, but in reality I believe it was Rip.

Buddhism and Suicide :: essays research papers fc

Thesis Bibliography on Buddhist Ethicshttp//jbe.gold.ac.uk/7/harvey001.htmlsuicideIncoporate western philoosophy?Western ethics?First come out-Bacvkground on Buddhist doctrine concerning suicide1. No Buddhist Should Commit felo-de-seThe Milindapanha 98. from the Vinaya Pitaka function on the Order.Warren, Henry Clarke. Buddhism in Translations. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Ltd. (1995).King Nagasena explains why a buddhist (priest) may not kill himself. He claims that the world needfully Buddhists to spread understanding and enlightenment (Boddhisatva way).2. Breaking the third paaraajika (Moral Precept) on victorious Life especially in human form (manussaviggaha) is the most expert offense that a Buddhist monk may commit (although retributive as serious in the Pancasiila or Five Precepts for laymen).Results in expulsion from the monastic community.In his Samantapaasaadikaa commentary, Buddhaghosa sets out to clarify the heavy nourishment of the precept. He discuss es a variety of cases, real and hypothetical, where stopping point ensues, and endeavors to clarify the healthy requirements for a breach of the precept to have taken place.The central legal concepts involved in Buddhaghosas discussion are those of method, intention, and agency.The sources themselves make a line between pa.n.natti-vajja -- or what is prohibited by the Vinaya (for example, eating after midday) -- and what is lokavajja, or regarded as immoral by the world at large orthogonal the cloister (for example, killing, stealing, and lying).Keown, Damien. Attitudes to Euthanasia in the Vinaya and Commentary. Journal of Buddhist Ethics.http//jbe.gold.ac.uk/6/keown993.htmSuicide and Assisted Suicide, incitement of suicide are all condememned by Buddha in the Vinaya.Apart from respect for autonomy, a second consideration sometimes mod in support of euthanasia is compassion. Compassion is of great importance in Buddhism, particularly when linked to the notion of the bodhisattv a. Some later sources reveal an change magnitude awareness of how a commitment to the alleviation of suffering on the part of a bodhisattva can create a conflict with the principle of the inviolability of life. Compassion, for example, office lead one to take life in order to assuage suffering, and indeed this is the second main ground on which euthanasia is advocated today. contempt their benevolent motive, namely that a terminal patient should be spared unnecessary pain, the judgement was that those involved were guilty of a breach of the precept. According to Buddhaghosa, the internality of their wrongdoing was that the guilty monks made close their aim (mara.naatthika). This suggests that to make death ones aim, to will death, and a fortiori to embark on any course with death as ones purpose, goal or outcome, regardless of how benevolent the motive, is immoral from a Buddhist perspective.

Change Management Essay -- Philosophy Papers

Change Management Change is the lonesome(prenominal) constant, we are told in the twenty-first century marketplace(Ojala, 1997, p.1). In order for more companies, placements, or institutions to stay competitive in their fields, they must be brisk for limiting and the effects of that change. According to a 1994 American Management joining and Deliotte & Touche LLP study approximately 84% of American companies are experiencing some lineament of change (Carson, 1998, p.1). Change management helps companies predict, institute, guide, facilitate, and evaluate change. Change management is the think of the change project (or initiative), whether it be to bring about revises at the individual, meetingor organizational level(Henderson and McAdam, 1998, p.1). The concept behind change and change management is that these changes or alterations refer to proactive business improvements(Henderson and McAdam, 1998, p.1). Unfortunately, the underlying presumptuousness that all change is g ood(Ojala, 1997, p.1) is incorrect therefore, companies, organizations, and institutions must understand the forces that ride change, how their employees will react to change, and the underlying principles of change, and use them to develop a all-embracing change management framework that will ensure a favored change project (Hirschfield, 1998, p. 1).The Forces Of ChangeOrganizational change is any alteration of activities in an organizationthat may be the result of changes in the organise of the organization, transfer of tasks, new product introduction, or changes in attitude of classify members or process, or any number of events inside and outside of an organization (Carson, 1998, p. 1). There are external and internal forces of change f... ...r). Another rationalness why companies resist change, Internet. Strategy and Business Briefs, 4 pages. addressable at plweb-cgi/idoc.pl?201+unix+_free_user_+www.strategy-business.com.80+booz+booz+SB_All+SB_All++ Change%20managementO jala, Marydee. (1997, December). Change management. Database, 20(6), 2 pages. Available at ABI aver Database on GalileoPuccinelli, Bob. (1998, September). Overcoming resistance to change. Inform, 12(8), 2 pages. Available at ABI Inform Database on GalileoRogers, Everett M. (1995). diffusion of Innovations (4th ed.) New York The Free Press.Smith, Catherine. (1998, August). The alchemy of change. Banker, 148(870), 3 pages. Available at ABI Inform Database on GalileoWilbur, Randa A. (1999, March). Making changes the right way. Workforce, Workforce Extra Supplement, 2 pages. Available at ABI Inform Database on Galileo