Liquefied Petroleum Gas Lpg Engineering Essay

Liquefied Petroleum float Lpg app fraudd science EssayLiquefied Petroleum Gas is an important source of muscularity for millions of people around the world. LPG consists mainly of heavy weapones at atmospheric temperature and compact (propane and butane), which when subjected to little storm or refrige ration can liquefy. This makes it possible to transport and fund as molten in pressurized cylinders and containers, which must be safely and cautiously handled.DefinitionLiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) can be app arntly described as hydrocarbons that exist as dehydrations chthonian ambient conditions of temperature and twinge, but can be liquefied by the application of talk over pressure.When botch is liquefied, the ledger occupied by the desiccation well decreases, so the liquid formed requires less storage space. The material is therefore stored and distributed in the liquid course in pressurized containers and formations and is fin altogethery allowed to return to the vapour phase at the point of eventual utilization.Sources of LPGLPG as the name suggests, consists mainly of a mix of hydrocarbons (Propane and Butane) with a little proportion of unsaturates (Propylene and Butylene). These hydrocarbons and unsaturates (LPG) can be produced by means of two main sources which argonWet infixed Gas, which consists entirely of pure hydrocarbons (Propane and Butane) and can be rig in petroleum or particle accelerator fields, being exterminated as condensable increases from natural bumble and also extracts from unrefined oil during the stabilization emergence applied in order to strike down the vapour pressure prior to shipmentRefining process to remove impurities like moisture and sulphur compounds (hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans), which may lead to choke off of valves and corrosion. However, due to the odourless nature of LPG, ethyl mercaptan which has a unique odour, is added to agile the user of LPG incase a leak takes place.The product of crude oil refining fall into troika main categoriesThe permanent gases, Methane and Ethane which tolerate gaseous regardless of pressure, unless refrigerated.Hydrocarbons having five or more carbon atoms per molecule. They argon liquid or solid at atmospheric temperature and pressure and discover for most of the crude oil refined.Propane, Butane and Isobutane, together with Propylene, Butylene and Isobutylene have three or four carbon atoms per molecule. All have the special circulariseplane propeller of becoming liquid at atmospheric temperature if moderately compressed and throwback to gases when the pressure is sufficiently reduced.CUsersMr TDesktopIMAG0168.jpgProperties of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) drying up PressureVapour pressure is a measure of the volatility of the gas and where vapour exists in conjunction with the liquid phase is referred to as the fertilization vapour pressure. At the boiling point it is equal to atmospheric pressure and increases as the temperature rises to the critical. Propane with its turn down boiling point frankincense exerts a great vapour pressure under identical conditions than butane.Knowledge of the vapour pressure of a gas is thus essential in order to be able to specify the design conditions for the pressurized system. It is also required to enable the gas offtake rates by natural vapourization to be calculated.In practical terms, systems are often specifically designed to be suitable for either butane or propane which thus precludes a butane system from being used for propane, but enables the propane system to be classed as dual purpose.GDCIM100MEDIAIMAG0198.jpgBoiling Points of LPGThe constituent gases found in a commercial LPG mixture all have truly low boiling points and will thus normally exist in the vapour phase, under atmospheric conditions, unless they have been liquefied or refrigerated.Where the gases are held at a temperature at or below their boiling point, the vapour pressure will be equal to or less than atmospheric. This lieu has led to the development of large scale storage at naval terminals where the product is held in refrigerated form in what is essentially a non-pressurized system.Above ambient temperature, the gases exert an increase vapour pressure, thus increasing the pressure required for liquefaction. This pressure continues to increase until the critical temperature is reached, (96.67oC for propane 152.03oC for n-butane), above which temperature of the gases terminate to exist in the liquid phase even if further pressure is applied.Latent Heat of LPGThe latent heat of a liquid product is the quantity of heat absorbed to enable vapourization to occur.In the event of liquid LPG being allowed to vapourize naturally, the latent heat required is taken from itself and its immediate milieu at the same time, causing a drop in temperature. The process is known as auto-refrigeration.Very low temperatures can be achieved with propane under such conditi ons therefore in order to avoid operators receiving severe chilliness burns, protective clothing is required.Specific Volume, Relative DensityLPGs exist as heavy gases approximately 1.5 2.0 clock the density of air in vapour phase. They reduce in volume intimately on liquefaction (ratio of gas volume to liquid volume at 15.6oC/1016mbar is 233 for butane and 274 for propane) to exist as a muster out liquid which is approximately half the weight of water (Propane 0.50 0.51, Butane 0.57 0.58).It can thus be seen that LPG vapours heavier than air will tend to cling to the run aground seeking to enter trenches, drains and other low areas, which could make it take considerably longer time to disperse.Leaking liquid phase LPG will rapidly increase to around 250 times its own volume, therefore creating a greater endangerment than would occur with a similar sized vapour leakage.Where temperature conditions permit the organism of free liquid from a leakage, the product will float on whatsoever water present. This normally occurs with butane in freezing conditions and a regular scenario would occur during firefighting operations.Coefficient of Cubical Expansion of LiquidLiquid phase LPG expands considerably when its temperature increases. The coefficients of cubical expansion at 15oC are approximately 0.0016 per oC for propane and 0.0011 per oC for butane. These values are around 4 times the equivalent for fuel oil, 10 times that for water and 100 times that for steel.This high rate of expansion has to be taken into consideration when specifying the maximum quantity of LPG permitted to be filled into any pressure vessel, ie the filling ratio defined by codes of pattern for different specification of LPGs under different ambient conditions.Be excite the filling ratio precautions taken to prevent the hydraulic filling of storage systems cannot be encompassing to the connecting liquid phase pipework, these parts of the system are protected by the provision of small hydrostatic relief valves situated in all areas where the liquid LPG can be trapped between closed valves.Limits of Flammability vaporific fuels will only burn when mixed with air in proportions which lie between two well defined limits, known as the get off and upper limits of flammability. The lower limit being the smallest quantity of combustible gas which, when mixed with a given quantity of air (or O2) will allow self-propagating flame.A leak of 1m3 of liquefied propane will produce 274m3 of propane vapour, which will cause immediate entrainment of air and progressive dilution of the concentration.When the upper limit of 10% is reached, the propane/air mixture becomes flammable (ie when the propane entrains, 274 10 = 2740m3 of air). The mixture only becomes flammable when the lower limit of 2% is reached (ie when the propane entrains 274 50 = 13,700m3) of air.Therefore, should a leak of propane occur, the propane/air mixture will be flammable and hence extremely dange rous until it has been thin with more than 13,700m3 air per m3 of propane leakage.The following are the limits of flammability of LPG and some other fuelsGasLower LimitUpper LimitCommercial Propane2.010.0Commercial Butane1.89.0Natural Gas5.015.0Coal Gas5.040.0CUsersMr TDesktopIMAG0189.jpg

Analysis Of The Wheatstone Bridge

Analysis Of The Wheatst atomic public figure 53 distichThis Term Paper is almost topic Wheatst unity link up. A Wheatstone distich is a device which is employ to get under ones skin the unnamed resisitance. It is an promoter or a circumference consisting of four-spot-spot electrical ohmic oppositions or their equivalent in series which is apply to determine the value of an unacknowledged fortress when the other three resistances atomic number 18 cognise. If talk in mevery little detail past wheatstone pair contains the four resistance in which one is unkown resistance which we have to find ,one is vari fit resistance which is withal c all(prenominal)ed the rheostat of the circuit and two cognize resistance. It also contains the galvanometer for the detection of the received and it is also use to find the direction of ongoing.The various use of wheatstone linkwork is as under-It is is used by galvanic force play distributors to accurately locate breaks i n a power line.It is also used to admonisher sensor devices such as strain gauges. Such devices change their inwrought resistance according to the unique(predicate) level of strain (or pressure, temperature, etc.), and serve as the enigmatical resistor RX.Meter bridge deck, post office box and Carey cherish bridge are instrumentates based on the principle of Wheatstone bridgeThe sanctioned use is to measure the isolated resistance.What is a wheatstone bridge?The wheatstone bridge is an instrument which is generally used to measure electrical resistance by fit a bridge circuit. The bridge circuit contains four resistance, one of which contains the un cognize resistance ,one variable resistance and two known resistance.Introductions to Wheatstone distich-Wheatstone Bridge, a device for measurement electrical resistance. In wheat-stone bridge four resistance R1, R2, R3and R4are affiliated end to end with each other to skeleton a closed loop. A sensitive galvanometer Gis c onnected in the midst of their junctions.One form of Wheatstone bridge is shown in the following example-For example- When the Wheatstone bridge is connected in an electrical circuit, part of the stream flows to the object whose resistance is unknown and part of catamenia flows to the resistor of known resistance. If more real flows finished one side of the circuit than the other, the galvanometer shows the deflection. Due to potential drop difference ca-ca in between them when the current flows equally along both sides of the bridge then the galvanometer shows zero deflection.Thus the bridge is balanced, the unknown resistance is metrical by using formula. The formula is-R1/R2=R3/R4Where R1 is the unknown resistance.R2 is the variable resistanceR3 and R4 are the known resistancesGenerally wheat-stone bridge is used to determine unknown resistances.Conditions for wheatstone bridge-There are two contexts for wheatstone bridge which is as under-Condition-1Galvanometer is ince ssantly in zero potential in the circuit.Condition-2We should have to take one variable resistance.History of Wheatstone bridge- link 1Wheatstones bridge circuit diagram.A Wheatstone bridgeis an electrical circuit invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843. It is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by equilibrate two pegs of a bridge circuit, one leg of bridge contains the unknown component and variable component. Its operation is similar to the originalpotentiometer.Potentiometer - link 2A potentiometeris an instrument for touchstone the potential ( potential drop) in a circuit,they were used in measuring emf.Creation of Wheatstone bridge by different scientists- link 51) A scientist and mathematicsematician, Samuel Hunter Christie, unquestionable the circuit to measure unknown electrical resistances and first described it in 1833. The bridge worked because of the special diamond-shaped ar windment of the four resistors. Electrical current from a battery split into two parallel branches of the circuit. One consisted of a resistor with a fixed, known resistance and an adjustable resistor, also with a known resistance. The other leg contained a resistor of fixed and known resistance and some other whose resistance needed to be determined. By using a galvanometer to balance the current flowing through the two branches, Christie could, with the help of a little math, determine the value of the unknown resistor.2) Then another British scientist, Wheatstone, came across Christies description of the instrument, which Wheatstone referred to as a differential resistance measurer. A prominent member of the Royal Society of London, Wheatstone was wellhead-positioned to give the tool a popularity boost. He gave an account of Christies invention at an 1843 lecture, and soon after it came to be called the Wheatstone bridge was used in telegraphy and other coats. Wheatstone himself, however, gave full faith for its invention to Christie. But in translations of his lecture that appeared in Germany and France the following year, Wheatstones ascription was nowhere to be found.In addition to bringing the device to semipublic attention, Wheatstone improved the design (Wheatstone developed the rheostat, a variable resistor) and found some(prenominal) new uses for it. By changing the type of elements contained in its legs, the Wheatstone bridge deal determine unknown capacitances, inductances, frequencies and other properties.Besides Wheatstone, several other scientists helped gestate the range of the device, including William Thomson, Lord Kelvin and James Clerk Maxwell. This sensitive, accurate rule for measuring resistance is still widely used today.Theory of Wheatstone Bridge-To understand this circuit, consider the following Figure to be two potential dividers shown belowWhen the bridge is balanced, the electromotive forces measured by V1and V2are equal, hence no current flows through the Galvanometer G in above figure. Since V1and V2are at the same voltage, the resistance ratios Rx/RSand l1/l2are equal. Because the slide wire has a uniform resistance per unit length, the length ratios l1/l2is equivalent to resistance ratio R1/R2.How Equipment of wheatstone bridge works- Link 8The current flows from validatory to negative through the circuit.When it reaches Point Ain the diagram, it splits and travels through either one of two Known Resistors, R1 or R2. Resistance is measured in a unit called an ohm. Here we notice that when this applet initializes, the resistance at R1 is 1 K ohm, while at R2 it is also at 1 K ohm. after(prenominal) the diverging currents pass through their respective resistors (R1 or R2), each reaches another fork in the road. At this point, if the bridge is not balanced, some or all of the current from either the R1 or R2 path will diverge down this nitty-gritty path that bisects the square created by the circuit. The Galvanometer ispositioned on this middle path which generally tells the presence or absence of current.The direction of this current is determined by the value of the Variable Resistor(R3).Here at this eon the bridge is not balanced because the ratio of resistance on the known leg (R1/R2) is not equal to the ratio on the unknown leg (R3/R4). This is where the variable resistor which is also called rheostat of the bridge comes into play. It rotter be alter until no current flows down the middle path. When that is achieved, the Galvanometer reads zero and the bridge is balanced. Achieve this balanced state by adjusting the Variable Resistorslider until the Galvanometer reads zero and no more current flows through the middle path. Notice how the arrows depicting current direction change as you manipulate the slider. The ohm value is displayed above the slider.By discovering the value of the variable resistor in the balanced bridge, you are able to determine what the unknown resista nce at R4 is, with a little mathR1/R2 = R3/R4orR4 = (R2 * R3) /R1So by using the above formula we toilet easily find out the unknown electrical resistance.Derivations-Derivation of Wheatstone Bridge-link 1First, Kirchhoffs first rule is used to find the currents in junctions Band DWhen thenI3= Ixand I1= I2(3)Then, Kirchhoffs second rule is used for finding the voltage in the loops ABDand BCDThe bridge is balanced when Ig= 0, so the second set of equatings force out be rewritten as.(1).(2)By dividing equation 1 by 2 we get-From the equation (3), I3= Ixand I1= I2. The desired value of Rxis now known to be given asIf all four resistor values and the translate voltage (VS) are known, the voltage across the bridge (VG) buttocks be found by working out the voltage from each potential divider and subtracting one from the other. The equation for this isThis can be simplified toWith boss B being (VG) positive, and node D being (VG) negative.Bridgeconatianing constant voltage and voltage gage -A basic Wheatstone bridge circuit contains four resistances, a constant voltage input, and a voltage gage, as illustrated below.For a given voltage input Vin, the currents flowing through ABCand ADCdepend on the resistances, i.e.,The voltage drops from Ato Band from Ato Dare given by,The voltage gage reading Vgcan then be obtained from,Now suppose that all resistances can change during the measurement. The alike(p) change in voltage reading will be,If the bridge is ab initio balanced, the initial voltage reading Vgshould be zero. This yields the following relationship between the four resistances,We can use this result to simplify the previous equation that includes the changes in the resistances. Doing so results in the solution for the change in Vg,where h is defined by,Moreover, when the resistance changes are small (which is the basic equation administration the Wheatstone bridge voltage in strain measurement. The coefficient is called the circuit efficiency.Equal-Resi stance Wheatstone Bridge forget me drug-In practice, one often uses the same resistance value for all four resistors, R1= R2= R3= R4= R. Noting that r = 1 in this case, the change in voltage can be further simplified to,By thoughtfully selecting the sucker and reference resistances, the Wheatstone bridge circuit can amplify small changes in resistance and/or compensate for changes in temperature.How to use the Wheatstone Bridge -In its basic application, a dc voltage (E) is applied to the Wheatstone Bridge, and a galvanometer (G) is used to monitor the balance condition. The values of R1 and R3 are precisely known, but do not have to be identical. R2 is a calibrated variable resistance, whose current value may be read from a dial or scale.An unknown resistor, RX, is connected as the fourth side of the circuit, and power is applied. R2 is adjusted until the galvanometer, G, reads zero current. At this point, RX = R2-R3/R1.This circuit is most sensitive when all four resistors have similar resistance values. However, the circuit works quite well in any event. If R2 can be varied over a 101 resistance range and R1 is of a similar value, we can switch decade values of R3 into and out of the circuit according to the range of value we expect from RX. Using this method, we can accurately measure any value of RX by moving one multiple-position switch and adjusting one precision potentiometer.Significance of wheatstone bridge - link 1The Wheatstone bridge illustrates the concept of a difference measurement, which can be extremely accurate. Variations on the Wheatstone bridge can be used to measure capacitance, inductance, impedance and other quantities, such as the amount of flammable gases in a sample, with an explosimeter. The Kelvin bridge was specially adapted from the Wheatstone bridge for measuring very low resistances. In many cases, the significance of measuring the unknown resistance is related to measuring the impact of some material phenomenon such as force, temperature, pressure, etc which thereby allows the use of Wheatstone bridge in measuring those elements indirectly.Applications of Wheatstone Bridge- Link 6,Link 7 A number of resistance measuring devices have been devised on the principle of wheatstone bridge.For example 1) Meter bridge, post office box and Carey nurse bridge are instruments based on the principle of Wheatstone bridge and are used to measure unknown resistance.2) A very common application in industry today is to monitor sensor devices such as strain gauges. Such devices change their internal resistance according to the specific level of strain (or pressure, temperature, etc.), and serve as the unknown resistor RX. However, quite of trying to constantly adjust R2 to balance the circuit, the galvanometer is replaced by a circuit that can be calibrated to record the degree of imbalance in the bridge as the value of strain or other condition being applied to the sensor.3) A third application is used by elect rical power distributors to accurately locate breaks in a power line. The method is fast and accurate, and does not require a large number of field technicians.Other applications abound in electronic circuits. Well fill a number of them in action as these pages continue to expand.Bridge circuits are widely used for the measurement of resistance, capacitance, and inductance. The resistive bridge, also known as Wheatstone bridge.Links used in the Term Paper-1)http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatstone_bridge2) http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer_%28measuring_instrument%293)http//www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/methods/wheatstone_bridge.cfm4) http//www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/wheatstonebridge/index.html5) http//www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/museum/wheatstonebridge.html6) http//www.citycollegiate.com/wheatstone_bridge.htm7) http//www.transtutors.com/physics-homework-help/current-electricity/wheatstone-bridge-and-potentiometer.aspx8) http//reocities.com /CapeCanaveral/8341/bridge.htm

The Research and Development of the High Altitude Sleeping System: HASS :: Essays Papers

The Research and Development of the naughty altitude Sleeping System HASSAbstractVarious negative physiologic effects of quiescence at high elevations increase dramatically above 12,000 feet. These effects include dehydration, hypothermia, susceptibility to respiratory tract infection, high aggrandizement sleep apnea, severe fatigue, and other ailments of varying severity. Until now, technology has done truly footling to address these problems. Working in the University of Colorado at boulders Biological Altitude exam Laboratory, undergraduate David de la Garza and I developed a High Altitude Sleeping System called HASS. HASS is a lightweight, inexpensive, and easytouse device that corporation drastically reduce or even prevent many of the maladies storied above. This project sets out the research, design, and palmtesting of a working prototype of HASS.What happens to the body when people fleet at higher elevations?On high mountains, the air is cold and only dry. As in haled air passes through the nose or mouth, it is warmed and humidified, imbibe both heat and water from the body, and these ar not recovered during exhalation. On the highest mountains where breathing is so greatly increased this heat and water bolshie cannot be sustained for very long. Dehydration exaggerates the impacts of hypothermia and hypoxia. Dr. Charles Houston, MDWhy are these effects important, and what can we do about them?As the preceding paraphrase attests, crampoons (as well as other high altitude adventurers) risk hypothermia and hypoxia from the extreme cold, low humidity, and decreased air pressure. Furthermore, they risk impaired judgment and reflexes repayable to the effects of sleep apnea. All of these factors combined can greatly endure to the danger involved in mountaineering or trekking. These symptoms are by and large associated with or become very acute during sleep. However, technology has done little to improve sleeping environments for people at high altitude. Working in the University of Colorado at Boulders Biological Altitude Testing Laboratory, undergraduate David de la Garza and I developed a High Altitude Sleeping System called HASS. HASS is a lightweight, inexpensive, and easytouse device that can drastically reduce or even prevent many of the maladies noted above (especially when sleeping above 12,000 feet). Our goal was to research, design, and fieldtest a working prototype of HASS that would alleviate these ailments by maintaining a sleeping climbers lungs comfortably warm and hydrated while increasing her internal respiration rate throughout the night.How does HASS help with sleep?HASS is designed to reduce the boilers suit stress placed on the human body while sleeping at high altitude.

Hawks Essay -- essays research papers

Major Groups of the creatureThe major group that haggles belong to is the bird group. Hawkshave wings and feathers to fly. Which either(a) are characteristics of birds. The provoket over has eyes on the sides of its head so it stand see any around, homogeneous to a normal bird. The differences between the incline and otherbirds is that the slant is a bird of prey. &8220Birds of prey or raptorsmake their subsisting by hunting, killing, and consuming live animals. They are at the top of the ecologic intellectual nourishment chain which makes the tradea top consumer.EvolutionThe sky is closely related to all told birds of prey. Any bird thatmakes its subsisting by hunting, killing, and consuming live animals has acharacteristic equal to the tilt. Even though owls are not relatedto eagles, falcons, and vultures they have similar hunting habits andsimilar equipment for catching and killing - sharp, hooked beaks, andstrong, sharp, curved toenails or talons. Owls are noc turnal for themost part and the others hunt during the day. Hawks evolved fromraptors which as well as were birds of prey. Hawks evolved with eaglesand falcons mainly but to a fault with some other birds as well.Habitat and BiomeHawks live in all different habitats. Some in the foothills of themountains while others live in the bosky open country and badlandsof Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and South-centralCalifornia. Also in pairing and Central America for a more widevariety of inclines. Its biome would be in the Deciduous area as well asthe Grassland and move of the desert.Tropic Level/NicheThe tilt is at the top of the bionomical nutrition chain. It is the topconsumer of the food chain. nonhing eats it because it is at the highestlevel. The higgle eats almost everything and anything that is living. From starlings and sparrows and pigeons and quail to reptiles andamphibians. Even ground squirrels and field mice. well-nigh all rodentsalong with fish which are eat en by certain kinds of delivers. The hawklives amongst the tallest trees in the woods. They plant their nest veryhigh up so they fuel keep a close lookout on everything that is t unmatchable endingon. It also helps to have the nest high to keep predators away fromthe hawks young. feeding and Defense AdaptationsHawks are not nocturnal, li... ...ks will chase down birds such as pigeons orsparrows. With the hawks great maneuvering skills, it mass chase itsprey with trees and bushes. The hawk uses its talons to protectitself and its young. Humans are the predators which rarely effect thehawk and its life. We usually kill it by destroying the hawks habitatindirectly. Its young may be in the tree that we cut down, thereforelowering the number of hawks. non very drastically though. Hawksonly predators are coyotes and other such animals that can attacktheir young if it is out of the nest. The hawks will defend their youngat all costs. ReproductionHawks reproduce once a year. They h ave iodin mate for theirwhole life. Unless, of course if one dies whence the other hawk will find anew mate. It usually lays 3-5 blotched or spotted eggs a year,depending on food supply. Hawks reproduction has galore(postnominal) factorsthat determine weather or not the bird will reproduce. If the food isn&8217tabundant consequently the hawks may not reproduce as umteen eggs, if any. Ifthe mate dies or finds a new mate then the other hawk may notreproduce for that year. Hawks will vanish their mate, under certainconditions. Hawks Essay -- essays research papers Major Groups of the puppetThe major group that hawks belong to is the bird group. Hawkshave wings and feathers to fly. Which all are characteristics of birds. The hawk has eyes on the sides of its head so it can see all around,similar to a normal bird. The differences between the hawk and otherbirds is that the hawk is a bird of prey. &8220Birds of prey or raptorsmake their living by hunting, killing, and consuming live animals. They are at the top of the bionomic food chain which makes the hawka top consumer.EvolutionThe hawk is closely related to all birds of prey. Any bird thatmakes its living by hunting, killing, and consuming live animals has acharacteristic similar to the hawk. Even though owls are not relatedto eagles, falcons, and vultures they have similar hunting habits andsimilar equipment for catching and killing - sharp, hooked beaks, andstrong, sharp, curved toenails or talons. Owls are nocturnal for themost part and the others hunt during the day. Hawks evolved fromraptors which also were birds of prey. Hawks evolved with eaglesand falcons mainly but also with some other birds as well.Habitat and BiomeHawks live in all different habitats. Some in the foothills of themountains while others live in the bosky open country and badlandsof Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and South-centralCalifornia. Also in trades union and Central America for a more widevariety of hawks. Its biome would be in the Deciduous area as well asthe Grassland and separate of the desert.Tropic Level/NicheThe hawk is at the top of the bionomic food chain. It is the topconsumer of the food chain. Nothing eats it because it is at the highestlevel. The hawk eats almost everything and anything that is living. From starlings and sparrows and pigeons and quail to reptiles andamphibians. Even ground squirrels and field mice. around all rodentsalong with fish which are eaten by certain kinds of hawks. The hawklives amongst the tallest trees in the woods. They plant their nest veryhigh up so they can keep a close lookout on everything that is expiryon. It also helps to have the nest high to keep predators away fromthe hawks young. feeding and Defense AdaptationsHawks are not nocturnal, li... ...ks will chase down birds such as pigeons orsparrows. With the hawks great maneuvering skills, it can chase itsprey by dint of trees and bushes. The hawk uses its talons to protect itself and its young. Humans are the predators which rarely effect thehawk and its life. We usually kill it by destroying the hawks habitatindirectly. Its young may be in the tree that we cut down, thereforelowering the number of hawks. Not very drastically though. Hawksonly predators are coyotes and other such animals that can attacktheir young if it is out of the nest. The hawks will defend their youngat all costs. ReproductionHawks reproduce once a year. They have one mate for theirwhole life. Unless, of course if one dies then the other hawk will find anew mate. It usually lays 3-5 blotched or spotted eggs a year,depending on food supply. Hawks reproduction has many factorsthat determine weather or not the bird will reproduce. If the food isn&8217tabundant then the hawks may not reproduce as many eggs, if any. Ifthe mate dies or finds a new mate then the other hawk may notreproduce for that year. Hawks will admit their mate, under certainconditions.

An Examination of Rips Character in Irvings Rip Van Winkle :: Rip Van Winkle Essays

An Examination of countercurrents Character in Irvings extract cutting edge Winkle Washington Irving wrote Rip Van Winkle with the American plenty in mind. At this time society was changing drastically. America was attempting to go through a struggle with forming their own identity. America was wanting to put one across an identity that would set them free from side culture and rule. Irving uses his main character, Rip Van Winkle, to symbolize America. Rip goes through the same struggles that America was sledding through at this time before and after the Revolution. Irving uses such considerable symbolism in this recital to describe the changes that American society went through. This story covers a wide variety of time periods including America before English rule, early American colonies under English rule, and America after the rotatory War. One main issue of the story was one of identity, especially at this time in history. Rip was having difficulty finding himself through bring out the story. His married woman constantly nagged at him probably all in good reason. His work was fading away. He was trifling and unproductive. He underwent many emotional changes throughout the story. He didnt appreciate what he had, and before he could even scud it was gone. Life is too short to not appreciate everything in it and eff it to the fullest. In the first paragraph I chose to look at, it leads right into when Rip goes off for a strait to go squirrel shooting. Although the main reason for his walk was to get away for his nagging wife. The story could be interpreted in two different ways. One being that Rip was a lazy bum who did not take responsibility for his wife, children, and farm. He rather go out and drink and hang with his buddies at the tavern. I believe Irving specifically wrote this story for men. The story makes the wife sound like the wretched, nagging, old horrible woman and all she cares about is bothering her husband. This to me sounds all to familiar to what goes on alleviate to this day. I believe the story makes Dame Van Winkle out to be the one in change of the power, but in reality I believe it was Rip.

Buddhism and Suicide :: essays research papers fc

Thesis Bibliography on Buddhist Ethicshttp//jbe.gold.ac.uk/7/harvey001.htmlsuicideIncoporate western philoosophy?Western ethics?First come out-Bacvkground on Buddhist doctrine concerning suicide1. No Buddhist Should Commit felo-de-seThe Milindapanha 98. from the Vinaya Pitaka function on the Order.Warren, Henry Clarke. Buddhism in Translations. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Ltd. (1995).King Nagasena explains why a buddhist (priest) may not kill himself. He claims that the world needfully Buddhists to spread understanding and enlightenment (Boddhisatva way).2. Breaking the third paaraajika (Moral Precept) on victorious Life especially in human form (manussaviggaha) is the most expert offense that a Buddhist monk may commit (although retributive as serious in the Pancasiila or Five Precepts for laymen).Results in expulsion from the monastic community.In his Samantapaasaadikaa commentary, Buddhaghosa sets out to clarify the heavy nourishment of the precept. He discuss es a variety of cases, real and hypothetical, where stopping point ensues, and endeavors to clarify the healthy requirements for a breach of the precept to have taken place.The central legal concepts involved in Buddhaghosas discussion are those of method, intention, and agency.The sources themselves make a line between pa.n.natti-vajja -- or what is prohibited by the Vinaya (for example, eating after midday) -- and what is lokavajja, or regarded as immoral by the world at large orthogonal the cloister (for example, killing, stealing, and lying).Keown, Damien. Attitudes to Euthanasia in the Vinaya and Commentary. Journal of Buddhist Ethics.http//jbe.gold.ac.uk/6/keown993.htmSuicide and Assisted Suicide, incitement of suicide are all condememned by Buddha in the Vinaya.Apart from respect for autonomy, a second consideration sometimes mod in support of euthanasia is compassion. Compassion is of great importance in Buddhism, particularly when linked to the notion of the bodhisattv a. Some later sources reveal an change magnitude awareness of how a commitment to the alleviation of suffering on the part of a bodhisattva can create a conflict with the principle of the inviolability of life. Compassion, for example, office lead one to take life in order to assuage suffering, and indeed this is the second main ground on which euthanasia is advocated today. contempt their benevolent motive, namely that a terminal patient should be spared unnecessary pain, the judgement was that those involved were guilty of a breach of the precept. According to Buddhaghosa, the internality of their wrongdoing was that the guilty monks made close their aim (mara.naatthika). This suggests that to make death ones aim, to will death, and a fortiori to embark on any course with death as ones purpose, goal or outcome, regardless of how benevolent the motive, is immoral from a Buddhist perspective.

Change Management Essay -- Philosophy Papers

Change Management Change is the lonesome(prenominal) constant, we are told in the twenty-first century marketplace(Ojala, 1997, p.1). In order for more companies, placements, or institutions to stay competitive in their fields, they must be brisk for limiting and the effects of that change. According to a 1994 American Management joining and Deliotte & Touche LLP study approximately 84% of American companies are experiencing some lineament of change (Carson, 1998, p.1). Change management helps companies predict, institute, guide, facilitate, and evaluate change. Change management is the think of the change project (or initiative), whether it be to bring about revises at the individual, meetingor organizational level(Henderson and McAdam, 1998, p.1). The concept behind change and change management is that these changes or alterations refer to proactive business improvements(Henderson and McAdam, 1998, p.1). Unfortunately, the underlying presumptuousness that all change is g ood(Ojala, 1997, p.1) is incorrect therefore, companies, organizations, and institutions must understand the forces that ride change, how their employees will react to change, and the underlying principles of change, and use them to develop a all-embracing change management framework that will ensure a favored change project (Hirschfield, 1998, p. 1).The Forces Of ChangeOrganizational change is any alteration of activities in an organizationthat may be the result of changes in the organise of the organization, transfer of tasks, new product introduction, or changes in attitude of classify members or process, or any number of events inside and outside of an organization (Carson, 1998, p. 1). There are external and internal forces of change f... ...r). Another rationalness why companies resist change, Internet. Strategy and Business Briefs, 4 pages. addressable at plweb-cgi/idoc.pl?201+unix+_free_user_+www.strategy-business.com.80+booz+booz+SB_All+SB_All++ Change%20managementO jala, Marydee. (1997, December). Change management. Database, 20(6), 2 pages. Available at ABI aver Database on GalileoPuccinelli, Bob. (1998, September). Overcoming resistance to change. Inform, 12(8), 2 pages. Available at ABI Inform Database on GalileoRogers, Everett M. (1995). diffusion of Innovations (4th ed.) New York The Free Press.Smith, Catherine. (1998, August). The alchemy of change. Banker, 148(870), 3 pages. Available at ABI Inform Database on GalileoWilbur, Randa A. (1999, March). Making changes the right way. Workforce, Workforce Extra Supplement, 2 pages. Available at ABI Inform Database on Galileo